CHILD HEALTH, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT [Back to Topics]​

• Bearinger L, Sieving R, Ferguson J, Sharma V. "Global perspectives on the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents: patterns, prevention adn potential." Lancet, Apr 7, 2007; 369 (9568): 1220-1231

• Bhutta ZA. "Beyond Bellagio: addressing the challenge of sustainable child health in developing countries." Archives of Disease in Childhood 2004: 90: 483-487. [Addresses economic, political, and health systems issues not covered in The Lancet's Child Survival Series that are nonetheless important etiologies of excess global child mortality.]

• Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J "Where and why are 10 million children dying every year." Lancet. June 28, 2003; 361 (9376): 2226-2234 [First of five public health articles on children in the Lancet; excellent review of the current epidemiology of global child mortality.]

• Bryce J, El Arifeen S, Pairyo G et al. "Reducing child mortality: Can public health deliver?" Lancet. July 12, 2003; 362 (9378): 159-164. [Third of five public health articles on children in the Lancet; article examines what the gaps in public health delivery are, and what public health interventions may work.]

• Bryce J, Victoria C, Habicht JP, Black R, Scherpbier RW. "Programmatic pathways to child survival: results of a multi-country evaluation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness." Health Policy and Planning. 2005; (20 Suppl):i5-i17 [Up-to-date assessment of results of IMCI implementation in 5 different countries.]

• Claeson M, Waldman R. "The evolution of child health programmes in developing countries: from targetting diseases to tagetting people." Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78(10): 1234-1245.

• Convention on the Rights of the Child. UNICEF website. http://www.unicef.org/crc/.

• Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA, Cousens S, Adam T, Walker N, de Bernis L and Lancet Neonatal Survival Steering Team. "Evidence-based cost effective interventions: how many newborn babies we can save." Lancet. Mar 12 1005; 365 (9463): 977-985. [This is the second article of the series examining how many newborns can be saved.]

• Engle PL, Black MM, Behrman JR, et al. "Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developign world." Lancet. January 20, 2007; 369(9557): 229-242. ["This paper is the third in The Lancet's 2007 Child Development Series...[It] assesses strategies to promote child development and to prevent or ameliorate the loss of developmental potential."]

• Gillespie D and the Bellgio Study Group on Child Survival. "Knowledge into action for child survival." Lancet. July 26, 2003; 362 (9380): 323-327. [Fifth article of Lancet series; article examines the gaps stem from a lack of knowledge, but a lack of political commitment towards child survival.]

• Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter L, Strupp B. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet. 2007; 369: 60-70. [ The first of three articles in The Lancet’s 2007 Child Development Series: [“[Estimates] that over 200 million children under 5 years are not fulfilling their developmental potential… These disadvantaged children are likely to do poorly in school and subsequently have low incomes, high fertility, and provide poor care for their children, thus contributing to the intergenerational transmission of poverty.”]

• Jones G, Steketee RW, Black RE, Bhutta ZA, Morris SS, and the Bellagio Child Survival Study Group. “How many child deaths can we prevent this year?” Lancet. July 5, 2003; 362 (9377): 65-71. [Second of five Lancet articles on children. Concludes that effectiveness of various child survival interventions has been demonstrated but delivery of interventions is poor.]

• Lawn JE, Cousens S, Zupan J, for the Lancet Neonatal Survival Steering Team. “4 million neonatal deaths: When? Where? Why?”
 Lancet. Mar 2005; 365(9462): 891-900. [First article in the Neonatal Survival Series; presents the epidemiology and etiologies of global neonatal mortality, exhorting more focus on prevention of these deaths in child survival and/or safe motherhood programs.]

• Lopez A. “Reducing Child Mortality.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78 (10): 1173. http://www.who.int/docstore/bulletin/tableofcontents/2000/vol.78no.10.html

• Lopez A, Bogg S, Bos E. Demographics and Epidemiologic Characteristics of Major Regions, 1990-2001: Trends in Causes of Child Death, 1990-2001. In: Lopez A, Mathers C, Ezzati M, Jamison D, Murray C. Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank; 2006. pp. 28-32. Available online at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=gbd.section.117

• Martines J, Paul VK, Bhutta ZA et al. “Neonatal survival: a call for action.” Lancet. Mar 26, 2005; 365 (9465): 1189-1197. [This is the last article for the series arguing for more attention to be put for neonatal survival, including stillborn births.]

• Mosley WH, Chen LC. “An Analytical Framework for the Study of Child Survival in Developing Countries.” Population and Development Review. 1984; 10 (Supplement): 25-45. [Classic article that proposed an integration of social science and medical/epidemiologic research modalities in the study of child survival. The resulting analytic framework continues to serve as the basis for child survival studies today.]

• Patel V, Flisher AJ, Hetrick S, McGarry P. “Mental health of young people: a global public health challenge.” Lancet. April 14, 2007; 369 (9569): 1302-1313.

• Pena R, Wall S, Persson, L. “The effect of poverty, social inequity, and maternal education on infant mortality in Nicaragua, 1988-1993.” American Journal of Public Health. 2000; 90(11): 64-69.

• Rutstein S. “Factors associated with trends in infants and child mortality in developing countries during the 1990's.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78(10): 1256-1270.

• Southall D, Coulter B, Ronald C, Nicholson S, Parke S (eds.) International Child Health Care: A Practical Manual for Hospitals World wide. London: Blackwell BMJ books, 2002. 626 pp. [Ideal, affordable reference for anyone planning to work in child health in developing countries. Despite title, is also highly relevant for ambulatory care.]

• Thapar N , Sanderson IR . “ Diarrhoea in children: an interface between developing and developed countries.” Lancet. Feb 21, 2004; 363(9409): 641-653.

• UNICEF, www.unicef.org; Country statistics, www.unicef.org/statis/; Annual “State of the World’s Children” reports with statistics and synopsis of major child health topics, www.unicef.org/sowc06/, with last numbers indicating report year.

• United Nations Population Fund. Overview of Adolescent Life. 2003. http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2003/english/ch1/index.htm

• Victora CG, et al. “Applying an equity lens to child health and mortality: More of the same is not enough.” Lancet. July 19, 2003; 362 (9379): 233-241. [Fourth of a five Lancet articles on children; excellent review of childhood issues through an equity gauge lens.]

• Victora C, Huicho L, Amaral J, et al. “Are health interventions implemented where they are most needed? District uptake of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy in Brazil, Peru and the United Republic of Tanzania .” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006; 84: 792-801. http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/84/10/06-030502.pdf. [Despite initial successes with IMCI implementation, coverage has not been expanded to subpopulations and areas where need is greatest.]

• Wagstaff A, Bustreo F, Bryce J, Claeson M, and WHO–World Bank Child Health and Poverty Working Group. “Child health: reaching the poor.” American Journal of Public Health. Sep 2005; 94(5): 726-736. [Reviews causes of worldwide socioeconomic inequalities that persist in child health in spite of efforts to reduce child mortality, discusses past experiences in attempting to reduce inequalities in child mortality and future directions for interventions and research.]

• Walker N, Schwartlander B, Bryce J. “Meeting international goals in child survival and HIV/AIDS.” Lancet. July 27, 2002; 360: 284-289. [A good article that examines the methods of achieving goals of child survival and HIV/AIDS]

• Walker SP , Wachs TD , Gardner JM , Lozoff B , Wasserman GA , Pollitt E , Carter JA ; International Child Development Steering Group . “ Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries.” Lancet. Jan. 13 2007; 369(9556): 145-157. [The second of three articles in The Lancet’s 2007 Child Development Series.]

• Wardlaw T , Salama P , Johansson EW , Mason E . “ Pneumonia: the leading killer of children.” Lance t. Sep 23, 2006; 368(9541): 1048-1050. [Describes the disease burden and impact of childhood pneumonia, the current state of efforts to curb its prevalence and effects, and future directions for interventions that are based on a comprehensive approach as exemplified by Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI).]

• Werner D. Disabled Village Children, Hesperian Foundation, Palo Alto, CA; 1988. [Excellent practical reference for dealing with disabled individuals at the village level.]

• Werner D, Sanders D. Questioning the solution: The Politics of Primary Health Care and Child Survival. HealthWrights, 1996. 206pp. See: www.healthwrights.org/. [Provocative and controversial book that challenges conventional strategies to improve child survival.]

• WHO. Management of the Child with a Serious Infection or Severe Malnutrition: Guidelines for Care at the First-Referral Level in Developing Countries. Geneva: WHO, 2000. 162 pp. The 8 theme-related papers are available on line at: http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/publications/CHILD_HEALTH/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.1.htm

• WHO. Handbook: IMCI Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. Dept. of Child and Adolescent Health and Development. Geneva: WHO, April 2000. 173 pp. WHO/FCH/CAH/00.12. http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/IMCI/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.12/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.12.pdf.

• WHO. The WHO Child Growth Standards. Geneva: WHO, 2006. Full WHO Report with growth charts (including executive summary of the methods, development and results) and supplementary article from Acta Paediatrica (Apr 2006;Vol. 95(Suppl 450):1-104) http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/en/.

• World Health Organization/World Bank Working Group on Child Health and Poverty. Better health for poor children: a special report.. Geneva: WHO, 2002. Available online at: http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/CHILD_HEALTH/GC/WHO_FCH_CAH_02.5.pdf [A good, brief overview of the problem of poor childrens’ health.]

• Zwane AP, Kremer M. What Works in Fighting Diarrheal Disease in Developing Countries? A Critical Review. CID Working Paper No. 140, March 2007. www.cid.harvard.edu/cidwp/pdf/140.pdf

COMMUNICABLE AND TROPICAL DISEASE [Back to Topics]​

• American Academy of Pediatrics. Red Book, 27 th Edition: Report on the Committee of Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2006. http://aapredbook.aappublications.org/resources/

• Aylward B, Hennesey K, Zagaria N, Olive JM, Cochi S. “When is Disease Eradicable? 100 Years of Lessons Learned.” American Journal of Public Health. 2000; 90(10): 1515-1520. [This article is a fascinating analysis of the conditions to when disease can truly be eliminated.]

• Aylward B, Sutter R, Cochi S, Thompson K, Jafari H, Heymann D. “Risk management in a polio-free world.” Risk Analysis. 2006; 26: 1441-1448. www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00840.x

• Aziz MA, Wright A, Laszlo A, et al. “Epidemiology of antituberculosis drug resistance (the Global Project on Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance): an updated analysis.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 2142-2154.

• Barder O, Kremer M, Levine R. Making Markets for Vaccines: Ideas to Action. Washington DC: Center for Global Development, 2005. 113 pp. [Making a commitment in advance to buy vaccines may lead to an increase in research and development. This report shows from theory to practice how this may work.] www.cgdev.org/section/initiatives/_active/vaccinedevelopment/chapters

• Bates I, Fenton C, Gruber J et al. “ Vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS infection and disease. Part 1: determinants operating at individual and household level.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2004; 4 (5): 267-277.

• Bates I, Fenton C, Gruber J, et al. “ Vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS infection and disease. Part II: determinants operating at environmental and institutional level.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2004; 4 (6): 368-375.

• Bonu S, Rani M, Baker TD. “The impact of the national polio immunization campaign on levels and equity in immunization coverage: evidence from rural North India.” Social Science and Medicine. 2003; 57: 1807-1819.

• Breiman JG, Alilio MS, Mills A. “Conquering the intolerable burden of malaria: what’s new, what’s needed: a summary.” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2004; 71 (2 Suppl): 1-15. http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/71/2_suppl/1

• Cohen ML. “Changing patterns of infectious disease.” Nature. Aug 17, 2000. 406 (6797): 762-767. [This is a fascinating overview of the patterns of infectious disease over the past century.]

• Cook GC, Zulma AI, Weir J (eds). Manson’s Tropical Diseases, 21st ed. London: W. B. Saunders Co., 2002. [This is a standard British textbook on tropical medicine and an excellent reference for those keen on tropical disease.]

• Corbett EL, Marston B, Churchyard GJ, De Cock KM. “ Tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities, challenges, and change in the era of antiretroviral treatment.” Lancet. 2006; 367: 926-937.

• Dowdle W. “The principles of disease elimination and eradication.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1998; 76 (Suppl 2): 22-24.

• Eddleston M, Davidson R, Wilkinson R, Pierini S. Oxford Handbook of Tropical Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

• Ehiri JE, Anywanwu EC, Scarlett H. “Mass use of insecticide-treated bednets in malaria endemic poor countries: public health concerns and remedies.” Journal of Public Health Policy. 2004; 25 (1): 9-22. [This paper examines potential health risks of the mass use of ITNs in malaria endemic poor countries.]

• Farmer P. Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.

• Feachem RGA, Sabot OJ. “Global Malaria Control in the 21 st Century: A Historic but Fleeting Opportunity.” JAMA. May 23/30, 2007: 297 (20: 2281-2284.

• Garrett, L: The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance. New York: Farrar, Strauss Group, 1994. 727 pp. [17 chapters. Details outbreaks of specific diseases and efforts to control them; identifies health system problems and recommends solutions]

• Glass RI, Parashar UD, Bresee JS et al. “Rotavirus vaccines: current prospects and future challenges.” Lancet. July 22, 2006. 368 (9532): 323-332.

• Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria, http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/

• Global Network for Neglected Tropical Disease Control. http://gnntdc.sabin.org/ [“a global network of health organizations dedicated to helping control and eliminate the most prevalent NTDs”]

• Global Polio Eradication Initiative. www.polioeradication.org

• Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L. “Human schistosomiasis.” Lancet. September 23, 2006, 368 (9541): 1106-1118. [Schistosomiasis or bilharzia is a tropical disease caused by worms. It affects about 200 million people worldwide leading to a loss of 1.53 million disability-adjusted life years.]

• Gupta R, Irwin A, Raviglione MC, Kim JY. “Scaling-up Treatment for HIV/AIDS: Lessons Learned from Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis.” Lancet. 2004; 363: 320-324.

• Hay SI, Guerra CA, Tatem AJ, Noor AM, Snow RW. “The Global Distribution and Population at Risk of Malaria: Past, Present and Future.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2004; 4: 327-336.

• Heymann DL (Ed.) Control of Communicable Disease Manual, 18 th Edition. Washington DC: American Public Health Association and the World Health Organization, 2004. [“The Control of Communicable Disease Manual is one of the most widespread single-volume reference volumes on the topic of infectious diseases. It is useful for physicians, global travelers, emergency volunteers and all who have dealt with or might have to deal with public health issues.”]

• Hopewell PC, Pai M, Maher D, Uplekar M, Raviglione MC. “International Standards for Tuberculosis Care.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2006; 6: 710-725. [“ The International Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ISTC) describe a widely endorsed level of care that all practitioners should seek to achieve in managing individuals who have, or are suspected of having, tuberculosis.”]

• Hotez P, Molyneux D, Fenwick A, Ottesen E, Erlich Sachs S, Sachs J. “Incorporating a Rapid-Impact Package for Neglected Tropical Diseases with Programmes for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.” PLoS Medicine. 2006; 3: e102.

• Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2 nd Edition), Washington DC: World Bank, 2006. 1400 pp. www.dcp2.org [“DCP2 is the principal product of the Disease Control Priorities Project, an alliance of organizations designed to review, generate and disseminate information on how to improve population health in developing countries.”]

• Jamison D, Breman J, Measham A et al. Priorities in Health. Washington DC: World Bank, 2006. 212 pp. [This companion guide to Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries distills the contents of the larger volume into an easily read format.]

• Keiser J, Singer BH, Utzinger J. “Reducing the burden of malaria in different eco-epidemiological settings with environmental management: a systematic review.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2005; 5: 695-708. [Review the results of 40 studies that emphasized manipulation of the environment and of human habitation for malaria vector control, conducted prior to the days of indoor residual spraying with DDT and concludes that such interventions are both sustainable and effective.]

• Kourtis AP, Lee FK, Abrams EJ, Jamieson DJ, Bulterys M. “Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: timing and implications for prevention.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2006; 6: 726-732.

• Kremer M, Zwane A. Cost-effective prevention of diarrheal disease: a critical review. Working Paper No. 117 Washington DC: Center for Global Development, 2007. www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/13495 [Critically reviews the existing research on the cost-effective prevention and treatment of diarrheal diseases, and identifies research priorities aimed at finding ways to reduce the diarrheal disease burden.]

• Li K, Guan Y, Wang J et al. “Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia.” Nature. 2004; 430: 209-213. www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature02746

• Lu C, Michaud CM, Gakidou E, Khan K, Murray CJL. “Effect of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation on diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine coverage: an independent assessment.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 1088-1095.

• Lucas AO, Gilles HM. Short Textbook of Public Health Medicine for the Tropics. Oxford University. Press, 2003, 320 pp.

• Marseille E, Kahn JG, Mmiro F et al. ” Cost effectiveness of single-dose nevirapine regimen for mothers and babies to decrease vertical HIV-1 transmission in sub-Saharan Africa.” Lancet. 1999; 354: 803-809. [This landmark article showed single-dose anti-retroviral lowered perinatal transmission at birth from 25 to 8%.]

• Mathers CD, Loncar D. “Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030.” PLoS Medicine. November 2006, 3 (11): e442. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442. http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442

• Mukherjee JS, Rich ML, Socci AR, et al. “Programmes and principles in treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.” Lancet. 2004; 363: 474-481.

• Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Bhutta ZA et al. “Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2005; 5: 481-493.

• Okeke IN, Klugman KP, Bhutta ZA et al. “Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part II: strategies for containment.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2005; 5: 568-580.

• Pablos-Mendez A, Gowda DK, Frieden TR. “ Controlling multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and access to expensive drugs: a rational framework.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002; 80: 489-495. www.who.int/bulletin/archives/80(6)489.pdf

• Phua K, Lee L. “Meeting the challenge of epidemic infectious disease outbreaks: an agenda for research.” Journal of Public Health Policy. 2005; 26: 122-132. [This article presents how social, behavioral and environmental factors have accelerated and amplified these natural phenomena. They analyze how determinants in important historical epidemics and pandemics such as the plague in medieval Europe and conclude that it is important to understand social conditions and how they affect infectious disease outbreaks.]

• Raviglione MC, Pio A. “Evolution of WHO Policies for Tuberculosis Control, 1948-2001.” Lancet. 2002; 359: 775-780. [An interesting article on the progression of TB control policies at WHO.]

• Reid A, Scano F, Getahun H, et al. “ Towards universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support: the role of tuberculosis/HIV collaboration.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2006; 6: 483-495.

• Roll Back Malaria. www.rbm.who.int

• Sachs J, Malaney P. “The Economic and Social Burden of Malaria.” Nature. 2002; 415: 680-685. [This is a classical article that points out that malaria has significant economic burden on sub-Saharan Africa]

• Sake L, Lee K, Cannito B, Gilmore A, Campbell-Lendrum D. Globalization and infectious diseases: a review of the linkages. Social Economic and Behavioural Research. Special Topics No. 3, Geneva: WHO, 2004. 62 pp. www.who.int/tdr/publications/publications/seb_topic3.htm [“Globalization is driven and constrained by a number of forces: economic processes, technological development, political influences, cultural and value systems, and social and natural environmental factors. There is much to be understood about how the wide-ranging changes are impacting on infectious disease; this publication reviews the existing evidence about the links between globalization.”]

• STOP TB Partnership. www.stoptb.org

• UNAIDS, www.unaids.org. Global surveillance fact sheets by country: http://unaids.org/hivaidsinfo/statistics/fact_sheets/index_en.htm; Annual Epidemic Update. www.unaids.org/Unaids/EN/Resources/Publications

• WHO, Global Burden of Disease project, http://www.who.int/health_topics/global_burden_of_disease/en/ . See also the 43 pp. Summary report, CJL Murray and AD Lopez, eds., 1996, available from Harvard University Press.

• WHO. Progress on Global Access to HIV Antiretroviral Therapy: An update on “3 by 5”. Geneva: World Health Organization, June 2005 http://www.who.int/3by5/fullreportJune2005.pdf [This is a report on the innovative 3 x 5 program to try and get 3 million people access to anti-retrovirals by the end of 2005.]

• WHO and UNICEF. Africa Malaria Report 2003. Executive Summary. Geneva: World Health Organization and UNICEF. 2003. http://www.rbm.who.int/amd2003/amr2003/amr_toc.htm

• Wongsrichanalai C, Pickard AL, Wernsdorfer WH, Meshnick SR. “Epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2002; 2: 209-218.

ECONOMICS, POVERTY AND HEALTH [Back to Topics]​

• Bernstein M, Sessions M. A trickle or a flood: commitments and disbursement for HIV/AIDS from the Global Fund, PEPFAR, and the World Bank’s Multi-Country AIDS Program. Washington DC: Center for Global Development. 2007. www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/13029

• Birdsall N. “The world is not flat: inequality and injustice in our global economy.” UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research. 2005;Annual Lecture 9. www.wider.unu.edu/publications/annual-lectures/annual-lecture-2005.pdf

• Birdsall N (Ed). Rescuing the World Bank: A CGD Working Group Report and Selected Essays. New York: Center for Global Development, 2006. 201 pp. (http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/9957)

• Bloom D and Canning D . “The Health and Wealth of Nations.” Science, Feb 18. 2000, 207: 1207, 1209. [This is a short, simple article on the relationships between health and income, and one of the key articles supporting the development of the Macroeconomic Commission on Health.]

• Castro-Leal F, Dayton J, Demery L, Mehra K. “Public Spending on Health Care in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78 (1): 66-74.

• CIESIN (Center for International Earth Science Information Network). Where the Poor Are - An Atlas of Poverty.

• The Earth Institute at Columbia University, New York, 2007. http://sedac.cisein.org/povmap [Provides examples of the important uses of poverty maps, including: the ability to overlay them with maps of geographical features, agroecological zones, education, accessibility, services and so on, so as to better understand and analyze possible causes of poverty, for better targeting of resources, and for raising donor awareness of financing needs.]

• Cutler D, Deaton A, Lleras-Muney A. “The Determinants of Mortality.” Princeton Working Paper, 2004. www.princeton.edu/~rpds/downloads/cutler_deaton_lleras-muney_determinants%20mortality%20nber%20dec05.pdf

• Deaton A. Global patterns of income and health: facts, interpretations, and policies. Princeton: Research Program in Development Studies (Center for Health and Wellbeing), 2006. www.princeton.edu/~rpds/downloads/deaton_WIDER_FINAL_annual_lecture_ALL.pdf

• Easterly W. The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Effort to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good. New York: Penguin Press, 2006. 436 pp. [A book that is the counterpoint to Jeffrey Sachs’ End of Poverty. It argues that more money is not the solution, as much as solutions that are culturally-sensitive and determined by communities. It asks for “Searchers” who try to find the right solution for the given circumstance, and not “Planners” with grandiose development schemes.]

• Farmer P. Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights and the New War on the Poor. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

• Folch E, Hernandez I, Barragan M, Franco-Paredes C. “Infectious diseases, non-zero-sum thinking, and the developing world.” American Journal of Medical Sciences. 2003; 326: 66-72. [“ The purpose of this article is to address the relationship between health, poverty, and development in the context of game theory. We will focus on the link between economic inequalities and health outcomes, exclusively concentrating our analysis on the impact of infectious diseases.”]

• Gallup JL, Sachs JD. “The economic burden of malaria.” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001; 64 (1-2 Suppl): 85-96. [“Malaria and poverty are intimately connected. Controlling for factors such as tropical location, colonial history, and geographic isolation, countries with intensive malaria had income levels in 1995 of only 33% that of countries without malaria.”]

• Kawachi I. Chapter 4: Income Inequality and Health. In Social Epidemiology, Berkman, L and Kawachi I (eds.). New York: Oxford University Press, 2000: pp. 76-94. [A fascinating account of how income disparity equates to poor health outcomes. In particular, the graphs and charts in this chapter clearly elucidate the importance of income disparity on health ]

• Kim J, Millin JV, Gershman J, Irwin A (Eds.) Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor. Monroe: Common Courage Press, 2003. (www.commoncouragepress.com/index.cfm?action=book&bookid=160)

• Labonte R, Sanger M. “Glossary of the World Trade Organization and public health: part 1.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2006; 60: 655-661. http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/60/8/655.pdf

• Labonte R, Sanger M. “Glossary on the World Trade Organization and public health: part 2.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2006; 60: 738-744.

• Lewis M. Addressing the challenge of HIV/AIDS: macroeconomic, fiscal and institutional issues. Working Paper 58. Washington DC: Center for Global Development, 2005. www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/2730

• McMichael A, Beaglehole R. “The changing global context of public health.” Lancet. 2000; 356: 495-499.
[Discusses the impact of economic globalization on health and the need for public health interventions to tackle social and health inequalities and achieve health-sustaining environments.]

• Nanda P. “Women’s participation in rural credit programmes in Bangladesh and their demand for formal health care: is there a positive impact?” Health Economics. August 1999; 8(5): 415-428.

• Paalman M. “Towards pro-poor health planning in the context of macroeconomics and health. Country case study Nepal.” http://www.kit.nl/smartsite.shtml?ch=fab&id=SINGLEPUBLICATION&ItemID=1663[“Nepal is receiving support from WHO and the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam from pro-poor health planning in the context of macroeconomics and health work. It addresses, in particular, the opportunities and constraints expected to influence the work during the planning and implementation phase.”]

• Peabody JW. “Economic Reform and Health Sector Policy: Lessons from Structural Adjustment Programs.” Social Science and Medicine. 1996; 43 (5): 823-835.

• Peters DH, Elmendorf AE, Kandola K, Chellaraj G. “Benchmarks for health expenditures, services and outcomes in Africa during the 1990s.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78(6): 761-769. http://www.who.int/docstore/bulletin/pdf/2000/issue6/bu0700.pdf [Compares and contrasts African countries and looks in detail at three of them.]

• Pollack A, Price D. “The public health implications of world trade negotiations on the general agreement on trade in services and public services.” Lancet. 2003; 362: 1072-1075. [“We conclude that national autonomy over health policy is not preserved under [the World Trade Organization’s General Agreement on Trade in Services] and that accordingly, there is a role for international standards that protect public services from the adverse effect of trade and market forces.”]

• Sachs J. The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time. New York: Penguin Press, 2005, 416 pp. [One of the most celebrated books looking at how to end poverty traps for the poorest billion people in the world.]

• Savedoff WD. “What Should a Country Spend on Health Care.” Health Affairs. July/August 2007; 26 (4): 962-970.

• Sen, A. Development as Freedom. New York: Anchor, 2000. 384 pp. [This important book looks at the value of freedom in promoting human development and well-being by the Nobel Prize winner in Economics in 1998.]

• Shaffer E, Waitzkin H, Brenner J, Jasso-Aguilar R. “Global trade and public health.” American Journal of Public Health. 2005; 95: 23-34. www.ajph.org/cgi/content/full/95/1/23

• Smith RD. “Foreign direct investment and trade in health services: a review of the literature.” Social Science and Medicine. 2004; 59: 2313-2323.

• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). http://hdr.undp.org/ [UNDP publishes annual reports on human development which can be downloaded for its website.]

• World Bank. PovertyNet.
[Provides an introduction to key issues as well as in-depth information on poverty measurement, monitoring, analysis and on poverty reduction strategies for researchers and practitioners.]

• World Bank. PovertyNet.

• World Bank. Multi-Country Projects in Equity, Poverty, and Health:
[“Recent increase in concern about health of the poor have given rise to a large number of inter-country research projects on poverty, equity, and health. This section provides links to other resources for information on equity, poverty and health. Here you can browse the most comprehensive directory of available inter-country research projects on poverty, equity, and health.”]

• World Bank. World Development Report series, http://wwwecon.worldbank.org/wdr/ [Most reports have material that is highly relevant to health. The 1993 report, Investing in Health, is especially useful despite being somewhat dated. 2004 Report: Making Services work for Poor People; 2006 Report: Equity in Development.]

• World Health Organization and World Bank. Dying for Change. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.

• World Health Organization. WHO database on health in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). www.who.int/hdp/database [“This database provides an analysis of the health component of each country’s PRSP from a health perspective. It also summarizes what PRSPs say about the health challenges in a particular country, the proposed health strategies to meet those challenges, and the mechanism to monitor progress.”]

• World Health Organization. Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development. Published in Dec. 2001: http://www3.who.int/whosis/menu.cfm?path=cmh&language=english [The Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health provides a wealth of information, both in the final report itself and the many commissioned papers that were prepared for the six working groups.]

EDUCATION & TRAINING FOR HEALTH WORKERS & COMMUNITIES [Back to Topics]​

 
• American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene list of course and programs: www.astmh.org/certification/courses.html

• Birrell K, Birrell G. Diagnosis and treatment: a training manual for primary health care workers. London: Macmillan Education, 2000. 272pp. [Practical guide to diagnosis and treatment of the most common illnesses presented at rural and urban health centres in line with WHO and national drug guidelines.]

• CDC Training Program in Epidemiology: www.cdc.gov/train.htm

• Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health: www.drexel.com/online-degrees/public-health-degrees/index.aspx
[Online certificate in epidemiological and biostatistical principles and methods for public health. 9-credit (3 courses) program. Convenient for working professionals.]

• GHEC. The GHEC Guidebook: Advising Medical Students and Residents for International Health Experiences. 2000, 70pp. [Contains much useful material for student/resident orientation. Available in PDF format from the “publications” site at: www.globalhealth-ec.org]

• Health and Human Rights: www.hsph.harvard.edu/fxbcenter [The FXB Center for Health and Human Rights of the Harvard School of Public Health has published three low costs (~$5) books on diverse aspects of human rights.]

• Hesperian Foundation. See: www.hesperian.org/index.htm [Excellent series of low cost books for training and use at the community level. Of special interest: Where There Is No Doctor (D Werner, with C Thuman and J Maxwell); Where Women Have No Doctor (A Burns, R Lovich, J Maxwell, and K Shapiro); HIV Health and Your Community (R Granich and J Mermin); Where There Is No Dentist (M Dickson); Disabled Village Children (D Werner); A Book for Midwives (S Klein); Helping Health Workers Learn (D Werner and B Bower); Helping Children Who Are Blind: Family and community support for children with vision problems (S Niemann and N Jacob).]

• Humanitarian Assistance Training Inventory (HATI):
www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwt.nsf/doc209?OpenForm&query=5&cat=Training%20Material
[HATI is focused on training staff of humanitarian assistance organizations and contains descriptions of training materials and activities offered by UN Agencies, Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement, INGOs, NGOs, Bilateral Aid Agencies and Academic and Training Institutions and others.]

• International Health Exchange (IHE): www.ihe.org.uk London. [Provides long and short courses worldwide. Click on training on the left.]

• International Medical Volunteer Associations: www.imva.org/Pages/acronyms.htm [Acronyms in international health and relief.]

• London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: www.lshtm.ac.uk/courses [Offers many short courses. Click on Short Study Programme.]

• Open Courseware Consortium: www.ocwconsortium.org/index.html [Open Courseware Consortium is a free and searchable site offering high quality digital educational materials organized as courses. It is based on a collaboration of 100_ higher education institutions and associated organizations from around the world.]

• Teaching-aids At Low Cost: www.talcuk.org/about/index.htm [TALC promotes health of children and advance medical knowledge and teaching in the UK and worldwide by providing and developing educational material.]

• Training Finder: www.train.org/DesktopShell.aspx [Most comprehensive database of nationwide learning opportunities for professionals who protect the public’s health.]

• TropEdEurop: www.troped.org [TropEdEurop is the training and educational branch of the association of the Institutes and Schools of Tropical Medicine in Europe.]

• University of Pittsburgh Supercourse: www.pitt.edu/~super1 [Global repository of 3000+ PowerPoint lectures by authors from 151 countries covering a wide variety of public health and prevention topics. Supercourse concept and its lecture style has been described as the Global Health Network University.]

• USAID Global Health eLearning Center: www.globalhealthlearning.org/login.cfm?logout=1 [Courses are free and available to all. Registration required. Examples of classes: Antenatal Care, Essential Newborn Care, HIV Basics (part 1), IUD, Logistics for Health Commodities, Monitoring and Evaluation Fundamentals, Malaria, Postpartum Care, Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage, Tuberculosis Basics, etc.]

• Walley J, Wright J, Hubley J. Public Health: An Action Guide to Improving Health in Developing Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

• Werner D, Bower B. Helping Health Workers Learn. Berkeley: Hesperian Foundation, 1982. 632 pp. [Collection of methods, aids and “triggers of the imagination” (including scripts for village theater, instructions for drawing educational cartoons); geared toward village instructors who may have little formal education. Hundreds of drawings and photos, based on author’s 16 years of experience, making health education basics easy to understand and convey.]

• World Health Organization. The Community Health Worker. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1990. 486 pages. [Simply written, excellent text in three parts: 1) A Working guide with practical, basic curriculum for the CHW; 2) Guidelines for training CHWs; and 3) Advice on adapting this teaching program to local conditions.]

ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH [Back to Topics] ​

• Taylor CE, Cutts F, Taylor ME. “Ethical dilemmas in current planning for polio eradication.” American Journal of Public Health. 1997; 87: 922-925. [See also the subsequent debate on this subject in: Sutter RW, et al. Comment: Ethical Dilemmas in Worldwide Polio Eradication Programs. AJPH 1997, 87:913-916, and: Lee JW, et al. Ethical Dilemmas in Polio Eradication. AJPH, 1998, 88:130-131.]

• UN. Documentation on human rights. See: http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/spechr.htm#hrdoc

• Wagstaff A. “Economics, health and development: some ethical dilemmas facing the World Bank and the international community.” Journal of Medical Ethics. 2001; 27: 262-267.

• Wall LL, Arrowsmith SD, Lassey AT, Danso K. “Humanitarian ventures or ‘fistula tourism?’: the ethical perils of pelvic surgery in the developing world.” International Urogynecology Journal. 2006; 17: 559-562. [An interesting example that illustrates some of the ethical issues raised by the phenomenon of short-term medical mission trips. This article raises practical and ethical questions that out to be asked about [short-term medical mission trips to perform fistula repair operations in African and Asian countries], and suggests strategies to help insure that unintended harm does not result from such projects.]

• Werner D. Questioning the Solution: The Politics of Primary Health Care and Child Survival. Palo Alto, CA: Health Wrights; 1997. www.healthwrights.org/books/QTSonline.htm

• Whitehead M, Dahlgren G. Levelling up (part 1): A discussion paper on concept and principles for tackling social inequalities in health. Copenhagen: WHO, 2006. www.euro.who.int/document/e89383.pdf

• WHO. Primary Health Care: Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR, 6-12 September, 1978. [Report of conference that set primary health care (and “Health for All in the Year 2000") as the world’s health priority. See also the 3 pp. Declaration of Alma-Ata, www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/declaration_almaata.pdf

• World Bank. Multi-Country Projects in Equity, Poverty, and Health
[“Recent increase in concern about health of the poor have given rise to a large number of inter-country research projects on poverty, equity and health. This section provides links to other resources for information on equity, poverty and health.”]

• Zoloth L. “Heroic measures. Just bioethics in an unjust world.” Hastings Center Report. 2001; 31 (6): 34-40.


GENERAL REFERENCES: GLOBAL HEALTH, DEVELOPMENT, STATISTICS [Back to Topics]

• Amorim C, Douste-Blazy P, Wirayuda H, et al. “Oslo Ministerial Declaration--global health: a pressing foreign policy issue of our time.” Lancet. 2007; 369: 1373-1378.

• Bach S. International mobility of health professionals: brain drain or brain exchange? UNU-WIDER. 2006; Research Paper 82, 27 PP. http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/rps/rps2006/rp2006-82.pdf

• Basch PF. Textbook of International Health. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, 576 pp. [Book covers the full scope of international health. Key topics include: environment, maternal and child health, development, primary health care, economic aspects, policy and planning, health care systems, international organizations, infectious and parasitic disease, and the international health profession.]

• Beaglehole R. Global Public Health: A New Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, 304 pp.

• Boerma JT, Stansfield SK. “Health statistics now: are we making the right investments?” Lancet. 2007; 369: 779-786.

• Brown TM, Cueto M, Fee E. “The World Health Organization and the transition from "international" to "global" public health.” American Journal of Public Health. 2006; 96: 62-72.

• Centers for Disease Control. www.cdc.gov/travel

• CIA Factbook. www.odci.gov/cia/publications/pubs.html

• Clemens M, Moss T. What’s wrong with the Millennium Development Goals? Center for Global Development. 2005. www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/3940

• Cochrane Collaboration. http://www.cochrane.org/index.htm [University library subscribers to the Cochrane Collaboration can provide users with extensive information on a wide variety of topics, many relevant to IH. The Cochrane Collaboration is an international non-profit and independent organization, dedicated to making up-to-date, accurate information about the effects of healthcare available worldwide. It produces and disseminates systematic reviews of healthcare interventions and promotes search for evidence from clinical trials and other studies of interventions.]

• Deaton A. Health in an age of globalization. Princeton: Research Program in Development Studies (Center for Health and Wellbeing at Princeton University.) 2004. www.princeton.edu/~rpds/downloads/deaton_healthglobalage.pdf

• Diamond J. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. London: Random House, 1997. [Fascinating account of why different societies developed so differently in terms of speed, complexity and power.]

• Disease Control Priorities Project. www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html [Site is an excellent and comprehensive source of information The project is an ongoing effort to assess disease control priorities and produce evidence-based analysis and resource materials to inform health policymaking in developing countries. DCPP has produced three volumes but all the information is on their website.]

• Feachem RGA. “Globalisation is good for your health, mostly.” BMJ. 2001; 323: 504-506.

• Garrett, L. Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health. New York: Hyperion, 2000. [A compelling book about the world’s failure to maintain and improve the public health system.]

• Garrett L: The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance. New York: Farrar, Strauss Group, 1994. 727 pp. [17 chapters. Details outbreaks of specific diseases and efforts to control them; identifies health system problems and recommends solutions]

• Global Forum for Health Research website. http://www.globalforumhealth.org/ [The Global Forum for Health Research, an independent international foundation, promotes health research to combat neglected diseases and conditions that cause health in developing countries.]

• Global Health Council. Directory of U.S. International Health Organizations. www.globalhealth.org

• Global Health Watch. Global Health Watch 2005-2006: An Alternative World Health Report. Cape Town: Global Health Watch, 2005. [An outgrowth of the People’s Health Movement, this report reflect the view that WHO’s World Health Reports were inadequate and didn’t monitor the performance of global health institutions and that the discourse in public health policy needed to be challenged by a more people-centered approach that highlights social justice.]

• Hilts P. Rx for Survival: Why We Must Rise to the Global Health Challenge. New York: Penguin, 2005.

• Howson C, Fineberg H, Bloom B. “The pursuit of global health: the relevance of engagement for developed countries.” Lancet. 1998; 351: 586-589.

• Institute of Medicine, The Future of Public’s Health in the 21st Century, Summary and Recommendations. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002, pp. 1-18. [A wonderful synopsis of how and what public health aspects in the US should be strengthened]

• Kim JY, Millen JV, Irwin A, and Gershman J [Eds]. Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor. Monroe: Common Courage Press, 2000. 584pp. [A major contribution to the documentation of the effects of inequality on health.]

• Koop CE, Pearson CE, Schwarz MR (Eds). Critical Issues in Global Health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2001, 472 pp. [This book of 51 chapters written is divided into three parts (Countries, Continents, and the World; The Organizational Landscape in Global Health; Organizations, Management, Leadership, and Partnerships). It provides a rich source to topics on virtually every aspect of International Health.]

• Labonte R, Schrecker T. Globalization and social determinants of health: analytic and strategic review paper. Ottawa: Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa ;2006. www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/globalization.pdf

• Levine R, Kinder M. Millions Saved: Proven Successes in Global Health. Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development; 2004. www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/2841

• Magnussen L, Ehiri J, Jolly P. “Comprehensive Versus Selective Primary Health Care: Lessons for Global Health Policy.” Health Affairs. 2004; 23: 167-176.

• Markle W, Fisher M, Smego R. Understanding Global Health. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007. [This new excellent comprehensive textbook outlines key core topics in global health. It is good for the beginning student interested in global health.]

• Mathers C, Loncar D. “Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030.” PLoS. 2006;3:e442

• McMichael A, Beaglehole R. “The changing global context of public health.” Lancet. 2000; 356: 495-499. [Discusses impact of economic globalization on health and need for public health interventions to tackle social and health inequalities and achieve health-sustaining environments.]

• Merson M, Black R, Mills A. [Eds.] International Public Health: Diseases, Programs, Systems and Policies (2 nd edition). New York: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2005. [A large comprehensive textbook on international public health, used as a basic textbook for the MPH at Johns Hopkins and many other international health courses.]

• Murray, CJ and Lopez AD. [Murray CJ, Lopez AD. “Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study.” Lancet. May 3, 1997. 349 (9061): 1269-1276. [First of four seminal articles on the Global Burden of Disease, which is currently driving the WHO and other global priorities. It was the first to use the concept of the Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)]

• Murray CJ, Lopez AD. “Regional patterns of disability-free life expectancy and disability-adjusted life expectancy: Global Burden of Disease Study.” Lancet. May 10, 1997. 349 (9062): 1347-1352. [Second of four seminal articles on the Global Burden of Disease, which is currently driving the WHO and other global priorities. It was the first to use the concept of the Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)]

• Murray CJ, Lopez AD. “Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors. Global Burden of Disease Study.” Lancet. May 17, 1997; 349 (9063): 1436-1442. [Third of four seminal articles on the Global Burden of Disease, which is currently driving the WHO and other global priorities. It was the first to use the concept of the Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)]

• Murray CJ, Lopez AD. “Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020. Global Burden of Disease Study.” Lancet. May 24, 1997; 349: (9064): 1498-1504. [Fourth of four seminal articles on the Global Burden of Disease, which is currently driving the WHO and other global priorities. It was the first to use the concept of the Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)]

• PAHO Regional Core Health Data System Table Generator. www.paho.org/English/SHA/profiles.htm

• PAHO. Health in the Americas, Vols. I & II. Washington DC: PAHO, 2007. [Updated regularly, provides extensive information on the region and on each country.]

• Rx for Survival: A Global Health Challenge. Dir. Mike Beckham, Richard Dale. PBS, 2006. Available in VHS (NTSC) and DVD. Sample video clips, ordering information and other resources available online at: www.pbs.org/wgbh/rxforsurvival. [“Filmed in 20+ countries, Rx for Survival: A Global Health Challenge looks closely at the most critical health threats facing the world today. The six- part documentary presents compelling stories and drama in the effort to save lives right now, the world over.]

• Sen A. “Health in development.” Bulletin. of the World Health Organizatio.n. 1999; 77(8): 619-623. [Nobel laureate economist gives keynote address to 1999 World Health Assembly.] http://www.who.int/docstore/bulletin/pdf/issue8/critical.pdf

• Skolnik R. Essentials of Global Health. New York: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2007.

• Taylor D, Taylor C. Just and Lasting Change: When Communities Own Their Futures. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2002. [Provides examples of community development as a result of direct involvement in the development process; proposes approach to ‘scaling up’ development.]

• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). http://hdr.undp.org/default.cfm [Publishes annual reports on a wide variety of human development topics which can be downloaded from its website].

• United Nations. Millennium Development Goals. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ [Major UN goals set in 2000, member governments pledged to reach specified targets by 2015, and supporting rationale.]

• USAID offers a long list of useful links to organizations and information related to IH, as well as access to its own programs. http://www.usaid.gov/pop_health/resource/phnlinks.htm

• Von Schirnding Y. “Health and sustainable development: can we rise to the challenge?” Lancet. 2002; 360: 632-637.

• WHO: The world health report website. http://www.who.int/whr/en/ [First published in 1995, the WHR is WHO's leading publication. Each year the report focuses on a specific subject while also providing expert assessment of global health, including statistics relating to all countries.]

• WHO. World Statistics 2007. www.who.int/whosis/en/

• WHO. Primary Health Care: Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR, 6-12 September, 1978. [Class report of conference that set primary health care (and “Health for All by the Year 2000") as the world’s health priority. See also the 3 pp. Declaration of Alma-Ata. http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/declaration_almaata.pdf]

• WHO. Blue Trunk Library. www.who.int/library/country/trunks/contents/index.en.shtml [A WHO synopsis and collection of key references for distribution to low income countries. Includes general medicine and nursing, community health, primary health to specific medical problems.]

• WHO. Country-specific health information. http://www.who.int/country/en/

• WHO. Engaging for health: a global health agenda. www.who.int/about/finance/en/index.html

• World Bank. World Development Reports. See: http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/ and search for WDR. [Annual reports are a rich source of information and of data. Many chapters and sidebars could be used as readings. For years the WDR 1993: Investing in Health, was the best single source of information about: health systems, their priorities and problems; morbidity and mortality; numerous case studies of success and failure; and demographic, economic, health status, education, social indicators, etc., for virtually all the countries of the world.]

• World Bank statistics. — See: www.worldbank.org/data/ for a wide variety of country and regional statistics. Health, nutrition and population statistics are at: http://devdata.worldbank.org/hnpstats/

• WorldWatch Institute See: www.worldwatch.org/ [Three annual reports are of special relevance: State of the World; Vital Signs; and Signposts]


GLOBAL HEALTH EDUCATION [Back to Topics]

• Bateman C, Baker T, Hoornenborg E, Ericsson U. “Bridging global issues to medical training.” Lancet. 2001; 358: 1539-1542.

• Bazemore AW, Henein M, Goldenhar LM, Szaflarski M, Lindsell CJ, Diller P. “The Effect of Offering International Health Training Opportunities on Family Medicine Residency Recruiting.” Family Medicine. 2007; 39 (4): 255-260.

• Bissonette R, Route C. “The educational effect of clinical rotations in nonindustrialized countries.” Family Medicine. 1994; 26: 226-231.

• Cha SS, Ross JS, Lurie P, Sacajiu G. “Description of a Research-Based Health Activism Curriculum for Medical Students.” Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2006; 21: 1325-1328.

• Chiller TM, De Mieri P, Cohen I. “International health training. The Tulane experience.” Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1995; 9: 439-443.

• Dodard M, Vulcain A, Fournier A. “Project Medishare: a volunteer program in international health at the University of Miami.” Academic Medicine. 2000; 75(4): 397-401.

• Drain PK, Primack A, Hunt D, Fawzi WW, Holmes KK, Gardner P. “Global Health in Medical Education: A Call for More Training and Opportunities.” Academic Medicine. March 2007; 82 (3): 226-230.

• Edwards R, Rowson M, Piachaud J. “Teaching international health issues to medical students.” Medical Education. 2001; 35: 807-808.

• Finkle MI, Fein O. “Teaching medical students about different health care systems: an international exchange program.” Academic Medicine. April 2006; 81 (4): 388-390.

• Godkin M, Savageau J. “The effect of a global multiculturialism track on cultural competence of preclinical medical students.” Family Medicine. 2003; 33(3); 178-186. [This article looks at a special Global Multiculturalism Track, which may help develop cultural competency in medicine.]

• Godkin M, Savageau J. “The effect of medical students’ international experiences on attitudes toward serving underserved multicultural populations.” Family Medicine. 2003; 35(3): 273-278. [This article supports the believe that international experience may have increase attributes that can help underserved multicultural populations.]

• Haq C, Rothenberg D, Gjerde C, et al. “New world views: preparing physicians in training for global health.” Family Medicine. 2000; 32: 566-572.

• Heck J, Wedemeyer D. “A survey of American medical schools to assess their preparation of students for overseas practice.” Academic Medicine. 1991; 66: 78-81.

• Heck J, Wedemeyer D. “International health education in US medical schools: trends in curriculum focus, student interest, and funding sources.” Family Medicine. 1995; 27: 636-640.

• Houpt ER, Pearson RD, Hall TL. “Three Domains of Competency in Global Health Education: Recommendations for All Medical Students.” Academic Medicine. 2007; 82(3): 222-225. [This article looks at 3 areas of global health competencies for medical schools: burden of global disease, traveler's medicine and immigrant health.]

• Imperato PJ. “A Third World international health elective for US medical students: the 25-year experience of the State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center.” Journal of Community Health. 2004; 29(5): 337-373.

• Kanashiro J, Hollaar G, Wright B, Nammavongmixay K, Roff S. “Setting Priorities for Teaching and Learning: An Innovative Needs Assessment for a New Family Medicine Program in Lao PDR.” Academic Medicine. March 2007; 82 (3): 231-237. [This article describes the use of a modified Delphi technique to determine health care priorities to help develop a family medicine curriculum.]

• Pust RE, Moher SP. “A core curriculum for international health: evaluating ten year’s experience at the University of Arizona.” Academic Medicine. 1992; 67: 90-94.

• Ramsey A, Haq C, Gjerde C, Rothenberg D. “Career influence of an international health experience during medical school.” Family Medicine. 2004; 36 (6): 412-416.

• Smilkstein G, Culjat D. “An international health fellowship in primary care in the developing world.” Academic Medicine. 1990; 65 (12): 781.

• Thompson M, Huntington M, Hunt D, et al. “Educational effects of international health electives on US and Canadian medical students and residents: a literature review.” Academic Medicine. 2003; 78: 342-347.

• Waddell WH et al. “Effectiveness of an international health elective as measured by NBME Part II.” Journal of Medical Education. 1976; 51: 468-472.

• Whitcomb ME. “Promoting Global Health: What Role Should Academic Health Centers Play?” Academic Medicine. 2007; 82(3): 217-218.


HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS: INTERNATIONAL, BILATERAL, NGOSs [Back to Topics]

• Abbasi K. “The World Bank and world health: Changing sides.” BMJ. March 27, 1999; 318: 865-869. [First of an excellent six-article series on the World Bank’s health strategy and programs.]

• Abbasi K. “The World Bank and world health: Healthcare strategy.” BMJ. April 3, 1999; 318: 933-936. [Second of an excellent six-article series on the World Bank’s health strategy and programs.]

• Abbasi K. “The World Bank and world health: Under fire.” BMJ. April 10, 1999; 318: 1003-1006. [Third of an excellent six-article series on the World Bank’s health strategy and programs.]

• Abbasi K. “The World Bank and world health: Focus on South Asia – I: Bangladesh.” BMJ. April 17, 1999; 318: 1066-1069. [Fourth of an excellent six-article series on the World Bank’s health strategy and programs.]

• Abbasi K. “The World Bank and world health: Focus on South Asia – II: India and Pakistan.” BMJ. April 24, 1999; 318: 1132-1135. [Fifth of an excellent six-article series on the World Bank’s health strategy and programs.]

• Abbasi K. “The World Bank and world health: Interview with Richard Feachem.” BMJ. May 1, 1999; 318: 1206-1208. [Sixth of an excellent six-article series on the World Bank’s health strategy and programs.]

• Fisher, J. Non Governments: NGOs and the Political Development of the Third World. Kumarian Press, 1998, 237 pp. [Heavily documented review of the roles and impacts of NGOs on developing countries.]

• Global Health Council - Directory of U.S. IH Organizations. www.globalhealth.org/directory/ [500+ organizations involved in global health are listed. Up-to-date contact information, mission statements, details on service focus, regions/countries served and target groups plus expanded indices make the Global Health Directory a comprehensive, easy-to-use reference tool."]

• Helping Overseas Directory. www.helpingoverseasdirectory.org/hod/content/category/4/70/42/ [Approximately 40, generally religiously affiliated NGOs involved in international work.]

• High-Level Forum on the Health MDGs (2005).
www.hlfhealthmdgs.org/Documents/GlobalHealthPartnerships.pdf [Best Practice Principles for Global Health Partnership Activities at Country Level; 31 pp.]

• InterAction Member Profiles. www.interaction.org/members/ [Largest alliance of U.S.-based international development and humanitarian nongovernmental organizations with >160 members operating in every developing country.]

• McKee M, Garner P, Stott R (Eds.) International Co-operation in Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. 230 pp.

• Public Health InfoLinks: Non-Governmental Organizations. Rollins School of Public Health - Emory University. www.sph.emory.edu/PHIL/PHILnongov.php [Approximately 400 internet links to domestic and international organizations.]

• USAID Private Volunteer Organization (PVO) Registry. http://pvo.usaid.gov/usaid/pvo.asp?All=YES&INCVOLAG=YES&INCSUM=YES [Over 500 organizations with internet links.]

http://pvo.usaid.gov/usaid/ipvo.asp?All=YES&INCVOLAG=YES&INCSUM=YES [List of 70 International PVOs registered with USAID, with links]

• WHO listing of nongovernmental organizations. www.euro.who.int/aboutwho/partners/ngo/

• WHO - Comprehensive list of WHO sponsored NGOs. www.euro.who.int/aboutwho/partners/ngo/ [Names, addresses and links to descriptions of activities, reports, news and events, as well as contacts and cooperating partners in the various WHO programmes and offices working on this topic.

• WHO - Human resources for health. www.who.int/hrh/links/en/ [Links to the web sites of national, international and intergovernmental organizations relevant to the health workforce.

• Yamey G. “WHO in 2002: Have the latest reforms reversed WHO’s decline?” BMJ. November 9, 2002; 325: 1107-1112.

• Yamey G. “WHO in 2002: WHO’s management: struggling to transform a “fossilized bureaucracy.” BMJ. November 16, 2002; 325: 1170-1173.

• Yamey G. “WHO in 2002: Faltering steps towards partnerships.” BMJ. November 23, 2002; 325: 1236-1240.

• Yamey G. “WHO in 2002: Why does the world still need WHO.” BMJ. November 30, 2002; 325: 1294-1298.

• Yamey G. “WHO in 2002: Interview with Gro Brundtland.” BMJ. December 7, 2002; 325: 1355-1358.

[6 articles on WHO in the They are: Have the latest reforms reversed WHO's decline? (1107-1112, 9 Nov.); WHO's management: Struggling to transform a fossilised bureaucracy (1170-1173, 16 Nov.); Faltering steps towards partnerships (1236-1240, 23 Nov.); Electing WHO'S Next Leader (23 Nov.); Interview with Gro Brundtland (23 Nov.); and, Why does the world still need WHO? (23 Nov.)


HUMANITARIAN CRISES, WAR, DISASTERS, REFUGEE HEALTH [Back to Topics]

• Amnesty International, http://www.amnesty.org.

• Arya N, Zurbrigg S. “Operation Infinite Injustice: The Effects of Sanctions and Prospective War on the People of Iraq.” Canadian Journal of Public Health. January/February 2003; 94 (1): 9-12.

• Banatvala N, Zwi AB. “Public health and humanitarian interventions: developing the evidence base.” BMJ. 2000; 321: 101-105.

• Burkle F. “Lessons learnt and future expectations of complex emergencies.” BMJ. 1999; 319: 422-426.

• Burnham G, Lasta R, Doocy S, Roberts L. “Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 1421-1428.

• Chin NP, Goepp JG, Malia T, Poordabbagh A. “Planning Emergency Medical Services for Children in Bolivia: Part 1 -- The Use of Rapid Assessment Procedures.” Pediatric Emergency Care, 2004; 20(9), 593-598.

• Cohen RE. Mental Health Services in Disasters: Manual for Humanitarian Workers. PAHO, 2000, 176 pp.

• Connolly MA, Heymann D. “Deadly comrades: war and infectious disease.” Lancet. 2002; 360: 23-24.

• Fink S. War Hospital: A True Story of Surgery and Survival. New York: Public Affairs, 2003, 431 pp. [Describes the efforts of health personnel, foreign and national, to cope with the many complex health, ethical and survival problems encountered in the embattled enclave of Srebrenica in 1992.]

• Forrow L, Blair BG, Helfand I et al. “Accidental nuclear war – a post-cold war assessment.” New England Journal of Medicine. 1998; 337: 1326-1331.

• Goepp JG, Chin NP, Malia T, Poordabbagh A. (2004). “Planning Emergency Medical Services for Children in Bolivia: Part 2 - Results of a Rapid Assessment Procedure.” Pediatric Emergency Care. 20: 664-670.

• Gourevitch P. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1998, 356 pp. [This book won a National Book Award. A very good account of the Rwandan Genocide in 1994, with interesting insight into the history, culture, and personalities behind this war.]

• Grant J. "Children, War and the Responsibility of the International Community" from: War and Public Health. Sidel V and Levy B, (Eds.) New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. pp. 12-21. [Thoughts on Children and War by the inspirational late leader of UNICEF.]

• Hannibal K, and Lawrence R. "The Health Professional as Human Rights Promoter: Ten Years of Physicians for Human Rights (USA)" in: Health and Human Rights: A Reader. Mann J (Ed.). New York: Routledge, 1999. pp. 404-416. [A history of the organization Physicians for Human Rights, PHR, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for its anti-landmine activities.]

• Human Rights Watch: http://www.hrw.org/%2520

• ICRC (International Committee for Red Cross). HELP Public Health course in the management of humanitarian aid. Geneva: ICRC, 2001. 783 pp. [Systematic and comprehensive description of how the HELP course is structured and teaching method used. Course is modular in design and can be adapted into various public and international health courses. HELP course is the staple course for acute humanitarian emergencies and those interested in participating in these scenarios.]

• Leaning J. “Environment and health: impact of war.” Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2000; 163: 1157-1161.

• Leaning J, Briggs SM, Chen LC (Eds.) Humanitarian Crises: The Medical and Public Health Response. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999. 379pp. [A leading book on how health professionals can respond to and alleviate humanitarian crises.]

• Levy BS & Sidel V, (Eds.) War and Public Health. 2 nd Edition. Washington DC: American Public Health Association, 2000. 436pp. [The 2nd edition of a unique book which addresses the effects of war on the public’s health, and what health workers can do to reduce these effects.]

• Levy BS & Sidel V. Terrorism and Public Health. Washington DC,: American Public Health Associationn, 2002. [An essential guide as to what health workers can and cannot do, and what they should not attempt to do, regarding terrorism.]

• Lopes Cardozo B, Vergara A, Agani F, Gotway CA. “Mental health, social functioning and attitudes of Kosovar Albanians following the war in Kosovo.” JAMA. 2000; 284: 569-577.

• MSF (Medecins sans Frontieres) books. www.msf.org [Anyone who has worked in humanitarian emergencies will love the MSF guidebooks. They are simple, practical, and important reading prior to any humanitarian emergency.]

• Murray CJ, King G, Lopez AD, Tomijima N, Krug EG. “Armed conflict as a public health problem.” BMJ. 2002; 324: 346-349.

• Noji EK, (Ed.) The public health consequences of disasters. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. 468 pp. [Book summarizes public health impacts of disasters, illustrated by examples of recent research. Authors start with concepts and role of surveillance and epidemiology, highlighting environmental health concerns. Other chapters cover discrete types of natural and technological hazards covering their history, origin, nature, observation, prevention and control. Book has both developing and developed country examples.]

• PAHO. Humanitarian Assistance in Disaster Situations: A Guide for Effective Aid PAHO, 2000. 24 pp.

• Physicians for Human Rights, http://www.phrusa.org/

• Sandler RH, Jones TC (Eds.) Medical Care of Refugees, Oxford University Press, 1987. [Despite accent on refugees in the title and in several chapters, book content is pertinent to medical care in situations of resource scarcity in developing countries. Students seriously interested in health care in such countries will find Sandler and Jones an excellent reference for the future. The text also serves as a good source of ideas and of further readings for papers.]

• Schaller JG, Nightingale EO. “Children and Childhood’s: Hidden Casualties and Civil Unrest.” JAMA. 1992; 268 (5): 642-644. [Jane Schaller is current executive director and past-president of the International Pediatric Association. She was also founding president of Physicians for Human Rights, winner of the Noble Peace Prize. It is an excellent article on the impact of war on children, not just physically, but on their emotional growth and development.]

• Skinner H, Abdeen Z, Abdden H et al. “Promoting Arab and Israeli cooperation: Peace-building through health initiatives.” Lancet. 2005; 365: 1274-1277.

• SPHERE Project. [Internet: www.sphereproject.org . SPHERE project attempts to improve quality of assistance provided to people affected by disasters and to enhance the accountability of the humanitarian system in disaster response. The newest edition (2004) can be downloaded from the web site and concentrates on the key areas of humanitarian response: 1) water, sanitation and hygiene promotion; 2) food security, nutrition and food aid; 3) shelter, settlements and non-food items; and 4) health services.]

• Spiegel PB, Salima P. “War and mortality in Kosovo, 1998-1999: an epidemiological testimony.” Lancet. 2000; 355: 2204-2209.

• Summerfield D. “Conflict and health: War and mental health: a brief overview.” BMJ. 2000; 321: 232-235.

• Toole MJ, Waldman RJ. “Refugees and displaced persons: war, hunger and public health.” JAMA. 1993; 270: 600-605

• UN High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR): http://www.unhcr.ch/

• US Committee for Refugees: http://www.refugees.org/

• WHO. World Report on Violence and Health.
www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/wrvh1/en


INJURIES AND VIOLENCE [Back to Topics]

• Ackery A, Tator C, Krassioukov A. “A global perspective on spinal cord injury epidemiology.” Journal of Neurotrauma. 2004; 21: 1355-1370. [Describes the global impact of spinal cord injury, and summarizes the worldwide demographics and preventative strategies for spinal cord injury in varying economic and climatic environments, including an evaluation of how cultural and economic differences affect etiology.]

• Ameratunga S, Hijar M, Norton R. ”Road-traffic injuries: confronting disparities to address a global-health problem.” Lancet. 2006; 367: 1533-1540. [Reviews global burden of road-traffic injuries and the evidence base for prevention strategies.]

• Andersson N, da Sousa C, Paredes S. “Social cost of land mines in four countries: Afghanistan, Bosnia, Cambodia, and Mozambique.” British Medical Journal. 1995; 311: 718-721.

• Bishai D, Qureshi A, James P, Ghaffar A. “National Road Fatalities and Economic Development.” Health Economics. 2005; 15 (1): 65-81. [Good article on the analysis of road fatalities and its association with economic development.]

• Brown R, Chaloner E, Mannion S, Cheatle T. “10-year experience of injuries sustained during clearance of anti-personnel mines.” Lancet. 2001;358:2048-2049. —

• Coupland RM, Meddings DR. “Mortality Associated with Use of Weapons in Armed Conflicts, Wartime Atrocities and Civilian Mass Shootings: Literature Review.” British Medical Journal. 1999; 319: 407-410. [This is an excellent article written by a famed Red Cross surgeon.]

• Dowdney L. Children of the Drug Trade: A Case Study of Children in Organised Armed Violence in Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: 7Letras; 2003. — www.smallarmssurvey.org/files/portal/issueareas/perpetrators/perpet_pdf/2003_Dowdney.pdf

• Hazen A, Ehiri J. “Road traffic injuries: hidden epidemic in less developed countries.” Journal of the National Medical Association. 2006; 98: 73-82. [Describes particular burden of road traffic injuries in developing countries that lack the traffic safety, public health and medical infrastructure to effectively prevent such injuries and deal with their numerous sequelae.]

• Heise L, Ellsberg M, Gottmoeller M. “A global overview of gender-based violence.” International Journal of Gynaecolology and Obstetrics. 2002; 78 Suppl 1:S5-14.

• Injuries and Violence Prevention. WHO website. 2007. www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/en

• International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. Landmines: A Global Health Crisis. IPPNW; 1997. www.ippnw.org/IPPNWBooks.html#Landmines

• Krug E, Mercy J, Dahlberg L, Zwi A. “The world report on violence and health.” Lancet. 2002; 360: 1083-1088. [Summarizes main points of the 2002 WHO report.]

• Levy BS, Sidel VW (Eds.) War and Public Health. Washington DC: American Public Health Association, 2000. 436 pp. [The definitive book on war and its effects on health. Divided into seven parts and 26 chapters by many notable authorities].

• Medecins Sans Frontieres. Quiet, we are dying. Paris: Medecins Sans Frontieres, 2002. http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/ar/i2002/drcongo_report.cfm

• Mercy JA, Krug EG, Dahlberg LL, Zwi AB. ”Violence and Health: The United States in a Global Perspective.” American Journal of Public Health. 2003; 92 (12): 256-261. [Puts US violence issues in a global perspective, and what lessons the US can learn from places around the world.]

• Mock C, Quansah R, Krishnan R, Arreola-Risa C, Rivara F. ”Strengthening the prevention and care of injuries worldwide.” Lancet. 2004; 363: 2172-2179.

• Newman R, Mercer M. “Environmental health consequences of land mines.” International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2000; 6: 243-248.

• Physicians for Human Rights. Destroyed Livelihoods: A Case Study of Furawiya Village, Darfur. Cambridge: Physicians for Human Rights, 2005.

• Pronyk PM, Hargreaves JR, Kim JC, Morison LA, et al. “Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: a cluster randomized trial.” Lancet. 2006; 368(9551): 1973-1983.

• Rani M, Bonu S, Diop-Sidibe N. “An empirical investigation of attitudes towards wife-beating among men and women in seven sub-Saharan African countries.” African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2004; 8(3): 116-136.

• Solimano A. Political Violence and Economic Development in Latin America: Issues and Evidence. Santiago, Chile: United Nations Publication,2004. www.eclac.cl/publicaciones/xml/4/20394/lcl2194i.pdf [Discusses main economic and political determinants of conflict and terrorism in Latin America, reviews recent literature on the relation between economic development and violence, and proposes strategies for dealing with political violence from an institutional and developmental perspective.]

• Villaveces A, Cummings P, Espitia VE, Koepsell T, McKnight B, Kellerman A. “Effect of a ban on carrying firearms on homicide rates in 2 Colombian cities.” JAMA. 2000; 283: 1205-1209.

• WHO. Milestones of a Global Campaign for Violence Prevention 2005: Changing the face of violence prevention. Geneva: WHO, 2005. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/9241593555_eng.pd

• [Describes achievements, by region, that have resulted from the dissemination of the messages contained in the WHO's 2002 World Report on Violence and Health.

• WHO. World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva: WHO, 2002.
www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/index.html
[Comprehensive review of the problem of violence on a global scale---what it is, whom it affects and what can be done about it. Of particular interest are Chapter 1 ("Violence-A global public health problem"), Chapter 8 ("Collective violence"), Chapter 9 ("The way forward: recommendations for action"). Also available is a practical guide to implementing the report's recommendations into prevention interventions.]

• WHO. Small arms and global health. Geneva: WHO, 2001.
www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/violence/small_arms/en/index.html [Provides a global public health perspective on small-arms-related violence, describing the epidemiology, cost and other sequelae, and prevention of this problem.

• WHO. World report on road traffic injury prevention. Geneva: WHO, 2004. www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/en/index.html
[First major report on the subject of unsafe road traffic systems and the negative consequences on global public health and development. Contends that level of road traffic injury is unacceptable and largely avoidable.]

• WOLA. Central American Youth Gangs: Issues in Human Rights, Effective Policing and Prevention. Washington, D.C.: Washington Office on Latin America, 2006. www.wola.org/media/gangs_report_final_nov_06.pdf

• Zwi A. “How should the health community respond to violent political conflict?” PLoS Med. 2004;1(1):e14.

• Zwi A, Ugalde A. “Political violence in the Third World: a public health issue.” Health Policy and Planning. 1991; 6: 203-217.


JOBS AND FIELD PLACEMENTS [Back to Topics]

• American Academy of Family Physicians. International Health Care Opportunities in Family Medicine – A Guide for Practicing Physicians, Resident Physicians and Medical Students. www.aafp.org/cgi-bin/ihcop.pl [The American Academy of Family Physicians published a 151-page directory of agencies, institutions and residency programs offering international health opportunities, and offers an online source of jobs.]

• American Medical Student Association (AMSA). [Rich source of IH information on AMSA URL for medical students, including many publications available in pdf.] http://www.amsa.org/global/ih/ihres.cfm

• Baker TD, Weisman C, Piwoz E. “United States Health Professionals in International Health Work.” American Journal of Public Health, May 1984, 74(5): 438-441. [Though dated, this is one of the very few studies of persons needed by employing agencies and persons working in international health.]

• CARE International: www.care.org

• Child and Family Health International: www.cfhi.org [Provides overseas placements for students at varying stages of their training in all major regions of the world; reinvests in host communities.]

• Development Associates: www.devassoc.com [Major contractor on international health projects.]

• DevJobs: www.devjobsmail.com/main/homepage.php

• Devnetjobs: www.devnetjobs.org [Jobs & Consultancies in International Development, includes NGOs & Environment Sector].

• Fogarty International Center. Directory of Grants and Fellowships in Global Health Sciences. www.fic.nih.gov/funding/directory_fellowships.htm [Produced by the Fogarty International Center, the global health branch of the NIH].

• Foundation for Sustainable Development: www.fsdinternational.org/?q=intlopps/intlopps [Partners with organizations categorized in 7 different development subjects: Micro-enterprise/Microfinance, Environment, Health, Youth and Education, Women’s Empowerment, Community Development, Human Rights]

• Gates Foundation Volunteer Website: www.gatesfoundation.org/AboutUs/WorkingWithUs/GettingInvolved/Volunteering.htm

• Global Health Council’s Career Network: www.globalhealth.org/jobs

• Health Volunteers Overseas (HVO): www.hvousa.org

• Hesperian Publications: www.hesperian.org [A variety of resources, including Where There is No Doctor: A village health care handbook by David Werner, which provide practical information on practicing in a low-resource environment, as well as others which help instruct on how to train lay health workers and build public health infrastructure.]

• Idealist.org: www.idealist.org/if/as/Internship?sid=85320099-193-qWi

• International Health Opportunities Database: www.sghdata.org/sgh/index.php

• International Medical Corps Employment and Volunteer website: www.imc-la.com/joinourteam.shtml

• International Medical Volunteer Associations: www.imva.org

• International Red Cross: www.icrc.org/eng

• International Students’ Association of Village Concept Projects: www.vcp.interconnection.org [Website informs about Village Concept Projects in general and provides information about VCPs worldwide.]

• John Snow International: www.jsi.com [Major contractor on international health projects.]

• Management Sciences for Health: www.msh.org [Major contractor on international health projects.]

• Medics Travel: www.medicstravel.com [Students can enter information on a database for future and current projects.]

• Mission-finder.org: www.missionfinder.org/medstudents.htm [Organizations listed at this site specifically invite medical students on their projects. Also includes ideas of where to get funds, rotation assignments and specialty training.]

• O’Neil E Jr. A Practical Guide to Global Health Service. Washington DC, American Medical Association,
2006. https://catalog.ama-assn.org/Catalog/product/product_detail.jsp?productId=prod700006&page=rightnav [Profiles approximately 300 organizations that place health service volunteers. Each profile includes concise descriptions, contact information, and practical information about length of service terms, personnel sought, areas served, and availability of funding, training, and room and board. Guide addresses common obstacles and concerns. Additional chapters cover the essentials of preparation for service, like travel and safety guidelines, commonly encountered illnesses, pre-trip planning, keys to serving well and culture.]

• OneWorld.net: http://us.oneworld.net/job/list/professional/?RestrictPackage=0Search

• Osborn G, Ohmans P. Finding Work in Global Health. Washington DC: Global Health Council, 2004. www.globalhealth.org/view_top.php3?id=540 [Excellent resource available for purchase on the Global Health Council website. Includes good preparatory information.]

• Oxfam America: www.oxfamamerica.org

• “Physician Service Opportunities Abroad.” JAMA, 2002: 288 (5): 561-565.

• Relief Web: www.reliefweb.int/vacancies

• Sarfaty S, Arnold LK. “Preparing for International Medical Service.” Emergency Clinics of North America. 2005; 23: 149-175.

• Scientists Without Borders: www.nyas.org/programs/borders.asp [Resource of the NY Academy of Sciences; provides easy access to information and contacts for a wide variety of research-based and capacity-building projects taking place in Africa and in time, the rest of the developing world.]

• SCOPE-IFMSA: www.ifmsa.org/scope/about.php [SCOPE promotes international understanding and co-operation amongst health professionals through international exchange of students.]

• SCORE-IFMSA: www.ifmsa.org/score/about.php [SCORE provides medical students with opportunities for clinical or pre-clinical research overseas. Students participate in a research team and conduct research under the supervision of a tutor. They are guided through the basic principles of research, such as literature studies, collecting information, scientific writing, laboratory work, statistics and ethical aspects.]

• Shoulder to Shoulder: www.shouldertoshoulder.org [Shoulder to Shoulder represents partnerships between poor rural communities and academic health centers. Volunteers include physicians, dentists, nurses, lawyers, engineers, business experts, builders and students. Central theme is mutual growth.]

• United Nations Volunteers. [UNV is focal point for UN’s promotion and harnessing of volunteerism for effective development.]

• USAID Fellowship: www.usaid.gov/careers/fellows

• Wilson, M. The Medic's Guide to Work and Electives Around the World. London: Hodder and Stoughton: 2004, 481pp. [Covers IH field experience opportunities in 100 country destinations. The book has introductory section with suggestions regarding finding a post, getting prepared, and protecting your health and welfare. Publisher home page: http://www.hodderheadline.co.uk/]


MENTAL HEALTH [Back to Topics]

• Bhugra D, Mastrogiani A. “Globalization and mental disorders: overview with relation to depression.” British Journal of Psychiatry. 2004; 184: 10-20.

• Chisholm D, Rehm J, Van Ommeren M, Monteiro M. “Reducing the Global Burden of Hazardous Alcohol Use: A Comparative Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 2004; 65: 782-793.

• Chisholm D, Sanderson K, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Saxena S. “Reducing the Global Burden of Depression.” British Journal of Psychiatry. 2004; 184: 393-403.

• Cohen RE. Mental Health Services in Disasters: Manual for Humanitarian Workers. Washington DC: PAHO, 2000, 176 pp.

• Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Posada-Villa J, Gasquet I, et al. “Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys.” JAMA. 2004; 291(21) : 2581-2590.

• Desjarlais R, Eisenberg L, Good B, Kleinman A. World mental health: Problems and priorities in low-income countries. 382 pp. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. [Only comprehensive textbook on world mental health issues.]

• Hymen S, Chisholm D, Kessler R, Patel V, Whiteford H. Mental Disorders. In: Jamison D, ed. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press and The World Bank; 2006. ( http://www.dcp2.org/pubs/DCP/31) [T his chapter focuses on the attributable and avoidable burden of four leading contributors to mental ill health globally: schizophrenia and related nonaffective psychoses, bipolar affective disorder (manic-depressive illness), major depressive disorder, and panic disorder.]

• Mollica RF, Cardozo BL, Osofsky HJ, et al. “Mental health in complex emergencies.” Lancet. 2004; 364(9450): 2058- 2067.

• Patel V, Rodrigues M, DeSouza N. “Gender, poverty and postnatal depression: A study of mothers in Goa, India”. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002; 159 (1): 43-47.

• Patel V, Flisher AJ, Hetrick S, McGarry P. “Mental health of young people: a global public health challenge.” Lancet. April 14, 2007; 369 (9569): 1302-1313.

• Prince M, Patel V, Saxena S et al. “No health without mental health.” Lancet. September 8, 2007; 370; 859-877.

• Sartorius N, Emsley R. “Psychiatry and technological advances: implications for developing countries.” Lancet. 2000; 356: 2090-2092.

• Summerfield D. “War and mental health: a brief overview.” BMJ. 2000; 321: 232-235.

• Ustun TB. “The global burden of mental disorders.” American Journal of Public Health. Sep 1999. 89(9): 1315-1318.

• WHO. The World Health Report, 2001. Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope. Geneva: WHO, 2001. 178pp. [Gives recognition to the huge problem of mentally-related disability, the costs of treatment and to alternatives available to lower income countries.]

• WHO. Mental Health Atlas, 2005. http://www.who.int/globalatlas/default.asp

• WHO. Mental Health Evidence and Research (MER). Various Publications. http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/en/


NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE [Back to Topics]

• Anderson G, Chu E. “Expanding priorities—confronting chronic disease in countries with low income.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2007; 356: 209-211. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/3/209
[Dispels several myths that have impeded the generation of an appropriate level of concern for and response to the global burden of chronic disease.]

• Asma S, Warren W, Althomsons S, Wisotzky M, Woollery T, Henson R. “Addressing the chronic disease burden with tobacco control programs.” Public Health Reports. 2004; 119: 253-262. [Discusses approaches and efficacy of worldwide tobacco control efforts]

• Bonow RO, Gheorghiade M. “The Diabetes Epidemic: A National and Global Crisis.” American Journal of Medicine. 2004; 116 (5 Suppl 1): 2S-10S.

• Boutayeb A. “The double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases in developing countries.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2006; 100: 191-199. [Brief review of literature on the “parallel” burden of communicable and noncommunicable diseases in developing countries, providing “a global view of the main diseases and their impact on populations living in low- and middle-income nations.”]

• Braman S. “The global burden of asthma.” Chest. 2006; 130 (Suppl 1): 4S-12S. [Describes the global burden and cost of asthma.]

• Choi B, Hunter D, Tsou W, Sainsbury P. “Diseases of comfort: primary cause of death in the 22 nd century.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2005; 59: 1030-1034. [4 experts offer their perspective on the emerging public health impact of “diseases of comfort,” that is, those chronic diseases caused by obesity and physical inactivity.]

• Epping-Jordan J, Galea G, Tukuitonga C, Beaglehole R. “Preventing chronic diseases: taking stepwise action.” Lancet. 2005; 366: 1667-1671.

• Gaziano T, Opie L, Weinstein M. “Cardiovascular disease prevention with a multidrug regimen in the developing world: a cost-effectiveness analysis.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 679-686.

• Khatib O. Guidelines for the prevention, management and care of diabetes mellitus. Cairo: WHO, 2006. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/emro/2006/9789290214045_eng.pdf [Multidisciplinary overview of diabetes prevention and treatment for health workers.]

• McMurray C, Smith R. Diseases of Globalization: Socioeconomic Transition and Health. London: Earthscan, 2001. [Book provides three case studies in transition and the effects of those transitions on health]

• Mendis S, Abegunde D, Oladapo O, Celletti F, Nordet P. “ Barriers to management of cardiovascular risk in a low-resource setting using hypertension as an entry point.” Journal of Hypertension. 2004; 22(1): 59-64.

• Minh HV, Byass P, Huang DL, Chuc NTK, Wall S. “Risk Factors for Chronic Disease Among Rural Vietnamese Adults and the Association of These Factors With Sociodemographic Variables: Findings from the WHO STEPS Survey in Rural Vietnam, 2005.” Preventing Chronic Disease. April 2007; 4 (2) www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2007/apr/06_0062.htm

• Nissinen A, Berrios X, Puska P. “ Community-based noncommunicable disease interventions: lessons from less developed countries for developing ones.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2001; 79: 963-970. www.who.int/bulletin/archives/79(10)963.pdf

• Ordunez-Garcia P, Munoz JL, Pedraza D, Espinosa-Brito A, Silva LC, Cooper RS. “ Success in control of hypertension in a low-resource setting: the Cuban experience.” Journal of Hypertension. May 2006; 24(5): 845-849.

• Peterson P, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, Estupinan-Day S, Ndiaye C. “The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2005; 83: 661-669. www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/83/9/661.pdf

• Peterson P, Yamamoto T. “Improving the oral health of older people: the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme.” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2005; 33:81-92.

• Popkin B. “ Global nutrition dynamics: the world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;84:289-298.

• Popkin B, Gordon-Larsen P. “The nutrition transition: worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinants.” International Journal of Obesity. 2004; 28 (Suppl 3):S2-S9. [“E xplores the major changes in diet and physical activity patterns around the world and focuses on shifts in obesity.”]

• Prentice A, Moore S. “Early programming of adult diseases in resource poor countries.” Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2005; 90: 429-432. [Explores the “developmental origins of health and disease” hypothesis in resource poor countries, where individuals are apt to suffer early nutrition deprivation and later nutritional affluence, which conspire to elevate risk of chronic illnesses.]

• Reddy K, Shah B, Varhese C, Ramadoss A. “Responding to the threat of chronic disease in India.” Lancet. 2005; 366: 1744-1749.

• Shibuya K, Ciecierski C, Guindon E, Bettcher DW, Evans DB, Murray CJL. “WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Development of an Evidence Based Global Public Health Treaty.” British Medical Journal. 2003; 327: 154-157.

• Singh M. “The Burden of asthma in children. An Asian perspective.” Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 2005; 6: 2-7.

• Strong K, Mathers C, Leeder S, Beaglehole R. “Preventing chronic diseases: how many lives can we save?” Lancet. 2005; 366: 1578-1582.

• TOBACCOpedia online encyclopedia, http://www.tobaccopedia.org/

• Unwin N, Setel P, Rashid S, et al. “Noncommunicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: where do they feature in the health research agenda?” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2001; 79: 947-953. www.who.int/docstore/bulletin/pdf/2001/issue10/bu0889.pdf

• Wald NH, Law MR. “A Strategy to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease by More than 80%.” British Medical Journal. 2003; 326: 1419-1424. [The introduction to the polypill, a combination of aspirins, anti-hypertensives, and anti-cholesterol agents]

• Wang L, Kong L, Wu F, Bai Y, Burton R. “Preventing chronic disease in China.” Lancet. 2005; 366: 1821-1824.

• Warren C, Jones N, Eriksen M, Asma S. “Patterns of global tobacco use in young people and implications for future chronic disease burden in adults.” Lancet. 2006; 367:749-753. [Presents results from a the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) of youth tobacco use in 131 countries and makes predictions about implications for the future of chronic disease and tobacco-related mortality.]

• WHO. Preventing chronic diseases: a vital investment. Geneva: WHO, 2005. www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/contents/en/index.html [“M akes the case for urgent action to halt and turn back the growing threat of chronic diseases, and dispels the long-held misunderstandings about heart disease, stroke, cancer and other chronic diseases.”]

• WHO. Therapeutic education of patients with coronary artery disease: training guide for general practitioners. Copenhagen: WHO, 2006. www.euro.who.int/document/e88278.pdf [Overview of CAD, including descriptions of pathophysiology and therapeutic principles for health workers.]

• WHO. Chronic Disease and Health Promotion. 2007. www.who.int/chp/en

• WHO. Chronic respiratory diseases. WHO website. 2007. www.who.int/respiratory/en/

• WHO Tobacco Free Initiative, www.who.int/tobacco/en/

• WHO Tobacco control country profiles, http://www.who.int/tobacco/statistics/country_profiles/en/

• Yach D, Hawkes C, Gould CL, Hofman KJ. “The Global Burden of Chronic Disease: Overcoming Impediments to Prevention and Control.” JAMA. 2004; 291 (21): 2616-2622. [Written by Derek Yach, former assistant Director-General at WHO in non-communicable disease.]


NOVELS, BIOGRAPHIES, CASE STUDIES & RELATED [Back to Topics]
• A Closer Walk (film), 2006. (Directed by Robert Bilheimer) [“For the film, more than 50 women, men and young people have been interviewed or profiled in the following regions and locations: Uganda, South Africa, Haiti, Switzerland, India, Nepal, Ukraine, Cambodia and various locations in the United States including New York City, Kansas City, San Francisco and Cambridge.”

• Achebe C. Things Fall Apart. London: Anchor Books, 1994. 224 pp. [The classical conflict between old and new culture in Nigeria.]

• Beah I. A long way gone: Memoirs of a boy soldier. New York: Sarah Crichton Books, 2007. 229 pp. [A moving story from a former boy soldier in Sierra Leone.]

• Brabazon J. Albert Schweitzer: A Biography. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000. 555 pp.

• Diamond J. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. London: Random House, 1997. [Fascinating account of why different societies developed so differently in terms of speed, complexity and power.]

• Fadiman A. The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1998. 341 pp. [A conflict between the Laos and Western Medicine and the interpretation of good health.]

• Fink S. War Hospital: A True Story of Surgery and Survival. New York: Public Affairs, 2004, 431 pp. [Describes the efforts of health personnel, foreign and national, to cope with the many complex health, ethical and survival problems encountered in the embattled enclave of Srebrenica in 1992.]

• Gourevitch P. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda. New York: Picador, 1999. 355 pp. [A good account of the Rwanda Genocide in 1994 and the root causes behind it].

• Gwatkin DR, Wagstaff A, Yazbeck AS [Eds.] Reaching the Poor with Health, Nutrition and Population Services: What Works, What Doesn’t and Why. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 2005. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPAH/Resources/Reaching-the-Poor/complete.pdf [“This volume presents 11 case studies that document how well or poorly health, nutrition and population programs have reached disadvantaged groups in the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America where they were undertaken. Although most health, nutrition and population services achieve much lower coverage among disadvantaged groups than among the better-off, many significant and instructive exceptions exist. These show that the poor can be reached much more effectively than at present and point to potentially promising strategies for doing so.”]

• Honingbaum M. The Fever Trail: In Search of the Cure for Malaria. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002. 328 pp. [This book is a rousing history of the search for febrifuge, or more specifically, the rare red cinchona tree, the bark from which quinine is derived.]

• Jaret P, Kasmauski K. Impact: On the Frontlines of Global Health. Washington DC: National Geographic Press, 2003. [Impact: From the Frontlines of Global Health offers a sweeping look at the state of the world’s health. National Geographic photographer Karen Kasmauski’s powerful images document both the suffering and the heroic efforts of scientists and healers to alleviate that suffering and improve health around the world. The text, by award-winning medical writer Peter Jaret, points out the appalling disparities that exist between the haves and the have-nots, and highlights sweeping new initiatives to bridge that gap.]

• Kidder T. Mountains Beyond Mountains: Healing the World: The Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer. New York: Random House, 2003. 336 pp. [A book on an American hero and icon, Dr. Paul Farmer and his work in Haiti.]

• Kopolow D. Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge. Berkeley: The University of California Press, 2004. [Smallpox is one of the world’s deadliest disease and was eradicated from the planet two decades ago. Kopolow looks at the long and fascinating history of the smallpox virus, with an informative overview of the political, biological, environmental, medical and legal issues surrounding the examination debate.]

• Levine R, Kinder M. Millions Saved: Proven Successes in Global Health. Washington D.C.: Center for Global Development; 2004. www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/2841

• Medecins Sans Frontieres. Quiet, we are dying. Paris: Medecins Sans Frontieres, 2002. http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/ar/i2002/drcongo_report.cfm

• Murray AF. Paradigm Found: Leading and Managing for Positive Change. Movato: New World Library, 2006. [A mix of how-to-do-it and how-we-did-it, this inspirational memoir describes how the author established the Global Fund for Women, an innovative direct to grassroots funding group. Full of practical suggestions for giving life to progressive values and moving beyond empowerment rhetoric to practice, Murray relates fascinating stories of how to turn a vision for improving the world into reality.]

• Paalman M. Towards pro-poor health planning in the context of macroeconomics and health. Country case study Nepal. Amsterdam: KIT Publishers, 2004. http://www.kit.nl/smartsite.shtml?ch=fab&id=SINGLEPUBLICATION&ItemID=1663 [“This report describes the work done in Nepal during the preparatory phase. It addresses, in particular, the opportunities and constraints expected to influence the work during the planning and implementation phase. It also describes how Nepal intends to overcome the constraints and use the opportunities in planning for implementation. It is hoped that countries wishing to embark on a similar exercise can make use of the Nepali approach and experience.”]

• Physicians for Human Rights. Destroyed Livelihoods: A Case Study of Furawiya Village, Darfur. Cambridge: Physicians for Human Rights, 2005.

• Power, S. A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide. New York: Perennial, 2002. 656 pp. [A fabulous Pulitzer Prize winning book about the unwillingness of America to act in obvious Genocide causes, and the reasoning behind these actions.]

• Pust R. “A piece of my mind. Underlying cause.” JAMA. Jan. 20, 1999, 281 (3): 215-216. [Good account of Ron Pust’s beginnings in international health in Papua New Guinea.]

• Schweitzer A, Bultman LA, Carter J, Miller RS. Out of My Life and Thought: An Autobiography. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. 292 pp. [A look at Albert Schweitzer’s life and why he did some of the things he did. Schweitzer received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1952.]

• Snel M, Smet J (Eds.) The Value of Environmental Sanitation: Case Studies. Delft: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, 2006. http://www.irc.nl/content/download/28600/299963/file/OP42_EnvirSan_06.pdf [“This paper includes eight case studies on environmental sanitation in countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, including Malawi, Tanzania, Ghana, Bangladesh, Philippines, Mexico and Peru.”]

• Whitney RL. Slim. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 2003. 241.pp. [“Not merely the story of AIDS, what the natives call Slim; this is the story of a culture and a continent, of at least two faiths serving God, of love and its sometimes-horrible consequences, of power and fear, of the strange and the mundane…”]

• Williams, WC; "The Use of Force;" "A Night in June; "A Face of Stone;" and "Ancient Gentility;" from The Doctor Stories, New York: New Directions, 1984, p. 56-68; p. 78-87; p. 99-101. (Read at least the first story; the others are optional.) [Perhaps the best known doctor-writer explores humanity through fiction.]


NUTRITION, NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS AND FOOD SECURITY [Back to Topics]

• Boelaert M, Davis A, Le Lin B, et al. Nutritional Guidelines (1st Edition). Paris: Medecins sans Frontieres, 1995. 190pp. [Excellent synopsis of how to refeed starving populations in an acute humanitarian emergency. Practical, down-to-earth guide.]

• Chhabra R, Rokx C. World Bank HNP Discussion Paper, May 2004. The Nutrition MDG Indicator: Interpreting Progress.

• Chopra M, Galbraith S, Darnton-Hill I. “A global response to a global problem: the epidemic of overnutrition.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002; 80: 952-958.

• De Onis M, Frongillo EA, Blossner M. “Is malnutrition declining? An analysis of changes in levels of child malnutrition since 1980.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78 (10): 1222-1233.

• Flegal KM, Garubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH. “Excess Deaths Associated with Underweight, Overweight and Obesity.” JAMA. April 20, 2005; 293 (15): 1861-1867.

• Fogel, RW. The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700-2100: Europe, America, and the Third World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. [This is a wonderful book by a Nobel Laureate in economics that examines the relationship of nutrition, health and technology.]

• Frongillo EA Jr., de Onis M, Hanson KM. “ Socioeconomic and demographic factors are associated with worldwide patterns of stunting and wasting of children.” Journal of Nutrition. Dec 1997; 127 (12): 2302-2309.

• Hawkes C. “Uneven dietary development: linking the policies and processes of globalization with the nutrition transition, obesity and diet-related chronic diseases.” Globalization and Health. 2006; 2: 4. http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/pdf/1744-8603-2-4.pdf

• Hodges JR, Kimball AM. The global diet: trade and novel infections. Globalization and Health. 2005; 1: 4.
http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/pdf/1744-8603-1-4.pdf [There is increasing global trade of food products. This trade increases the risk of the spread of diet-related infections. This article examines the causes and epidemiology behind these effects.]

• King FS, Burgess A. Nutrition for Developing Countries, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, 462 pp. [This work is both an easy-to-access textbook of nutrition with classroom exercises as well as a very practical, detailed guide for nutrition workers. An abundance of black-and-white illustrations make the volume useful for engaging the interest of those unable to read. Further educational devices include story-telling formats.]

• Pelletier DL. “The relationship between child anthropometry and mortality in developing countries: Implications for policy, programs and future research.” Journal of Nutrition. October 1994. 124 (10 Suppl): 2047S-2081S. [Indicates that about 55% of childhood deaths are related to malnutrition. This is now a classic article.]

• Rice AL, Sacco L, Hyder A, Black RE. “Malnutrition as an underlying cause of childhood deaths associated with infectious diseases in developing countries.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78 (10): 1207-1221.

• Van Liere MJ. HIV/AIDS and food security in sub-Saharan Africa. (unpublished paper), 2002. http://www.phishare.org/files/3027_AIDS_Food_Security_Paper_ECOWAS.pdf

• WHO. Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Geneva: WHO, 2003, 150 pp. [This report examines the scientific basis of the relationship between diet and physical activity patterns and the major nutrition-related chronic diseases. Recommendations are made to help prevent death and disability from major nutrition-related chronic diseases.]

• WHO. Management of Severe Malnutrition: A Manual for Physicians and Other Senior Health Workers. Geneva: WHO,1999, 60 pp.

• WHO, UNICEF, and SCN Informal Consultation on Community-Based Management of Severe Malnutrition in Children. Claudine Prudhon, André Briend, Zita Weise Prinzo, Bernadette M.E.G. Daelmans, and John B. Mason, guest editors http://www.unsystem.org/scn/Publications/NPP/npp21.pdf [Includes articles: Methods to detect cases of severely malnourished children in the community; Efficacy and effectiveness of community-based treatment of severe malnutrition; Key issues in the success of community-based management of severe malnutrition; Local production and provision of RUTF for the treatment of severe malnutrition; Sustainability of programs of community-based management of severe malnutrition.]

• World Bank. Repositioning Nutrition as Central to Development: A Strategy for Large Scale Action. Washington: World Bank, 2006. [This report makes the case for development partners and developing countries to focus on nutrition. This case is based on evidence that such programs are excellent economic investments and essential for faster progress in reducing poverty; and on program experience showing that they can improve nutrition much faster than relying on economic growth alone. The report sets out a global strategy for stepped-up action in nutrition, for discussion in the international development community.] http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NUTRITION/Resources/281846-1131636806329/NutritionStrategy.pdf

• Yach D, Stuckler D, Brownell KD. “Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes.” Nature Medicine. 2006; 12: 62-66.


HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS: INTERNATIONAL, BILATERAL, NGO [Back to Topics]

• Abbasi K. “The World Bank and world health: Changing sides.” BMJ. March 27, 1999; 318: 865-869. [First of an excellent six-article series on the World Bank’s health strategy and programs.]

• Abbasi K. “The World Bank and world health: Healthcare strategy.” BMJ. April 3, 1999; 318: 933-936. [Second of an excellent six-article series on the World Bank’s health strategy and programs.]

• Abbasi K. “The World Bank and world health: Under fire.” BMJ. April 10, 1999; 318: 1003-1006. [Third of an excellent six-article series on the World Bank’s health strategy and programs.]

• Abbasi K. “The World Bank and world health: Focus on South Asia – I: Bangladesh.” BMJ. April 17, 1999; 318: 1066-1069. [Fourth of an excellent six-article series on the World Bank’s health strategy and programs.]

• Abbasi K. “The World Bank and world health: Focus on South Asia – II: India and Pakistan.” BMJ. April 24, 1999; 318: 1132-1135. [Fifth of an excellent six-article series on the World Bank’s health strategy and programs.]

• Abbasi K. “The World Bank and world health: Interview with Richard Feachem.” BMJ. May 1, 1999; 318: 1206-1208. [Sixth of an excellent six-article series on the World Bank’s health strategy and programs.]

• Fisher, J. Non Governments: NGOs and the Political Development of the Third World. Kumarian Press, 1998, 237 pp. [Heavily documented review of the roles and impacts of NGOs on developing countries.]

• Global Health Council - Directory of U.S. IH Organizations. www.globalhealth.org/directory/ [500+ organizations involved in global health are listed. Up-to-date contact information, mission statements, details on service focus, regions/countries served and target groups plus expanded indices make the Global Health Directory a comprehensive, easy-to-use reference tool."]

• Helping Overseas Directory. www.helpingoverseasdirectory.org/hod/content/category/4/70/42/ [Approximately 40, generally religiously affiliated NGOs involved in international work.]

• High-Level Forum on the Health MDGs (2005). www.hlfhealthmdgs.org/Documents/GlobalHealthPartnerships.pdf [Best Practice Principles for Global Health Partnership Activities at Country Level; 31 pp.]

• InterAction Member Profiles. www.interaction.org/members/ [Largest alliance of U.S.-based international development and humanitarian nongovernmental organizations with >160 members operating in every developing country.

• McKee M, Garner P, Stott R (Eds.) International Co-operation in Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. 230 pp.

• Public Health InfoLinks: Non-Governmental Organizations. Rollins School of Public Health - Emory University. www.sph.emory.edu/PHIL/PHILnongov.php [Approximately 400 internet links to domestic and international organizations.]

• USAID Private Volunteer Organization (PVO) Registry. http://pvo.usaid.gov/usaid/pvo.asp?All=YES&INCVOLAG=YES&INCSUM=YES [Over 500 organizations with internet links.]

http://pvo.usaid.gov/usaid/ipvo.asp?All=YES&INCVOLAG=YES&INCSUM=YES [List of 70 International PVOs registered with USAID, with links]

• WHO listing of nongovernmental organizations. www.euro.who.int/aboutwho/partners/ngo

• WHO - Comprehensive list of WHO sponsored NGOs. www.euro.who.int/aboutwho/partners/ngo/ [Names, addresses and links to descriptions of activities, reports, news and events, as well as contacts and cooperating partners in the various WHO programmes and offices working on this topic.

• WHO - Human resources for health. www.who.int/hrh/links/en/ [Links to the web sites of national, international and intergovernmental organizations relevant to the health workforce.

• Yamey G. “WHO in 2002: Have the latest reforms reversed WHO’s decline?” BMJ. November 9, 2002; 325: 1107-1112.

• Yamey G. “WHO in 2002: WHO’s management: struggling to transform a “fossilized bureaucracy.” BMJ. November 16, 2002; 325: 1170-1173.

• Yamey G. “WHO in 2002: Faltering steps towards partnerships.” BMJ. November 23, 2002; 325: 1236-1240.

• Yamey G. “WHO in 2002: Why does the world still need WHO.” BMJ. November 30, 2002; 325: 1294-1298.

• Yamey G. “WHO in 2002: Interview with Gro Brundtland.” BMJ. December 7, 2002; 325: 1355-1358.
[6 articles on WHO in the They are: Have the latest reforms reversed WHO's decline? (1107-1112, 9 Nov.); WHO's management: Struggling to transform a fossilised bureaucracy (1170-1173, 16 Nov.); Faltering steps towards partnerships (1236-1240, 23 Nov.); Electing WHO'S Next Leader (23 Nov.); Interview with Gro Brundtland (23 Nov.); and, Why does the world still need WHO? (23 Nov.)


PHARMACEUTICALS AND RELATED [Back to Topics]

• Abraham J. “The pharmaceutical industry as a political player.” Lancet. 2002; 360: 1498-1502.

• Anderson GF, Reinhardt UE, Hussey PS, Petrosyan V. "It's the prices, stupid: Why the United States is so different from other countries,” Health Affairs (Millwood), May/June 2003; 22(3): 89-105.

• Barton JH. “TRIPS and the global pharmaceutical market.” Health Affairs (Millwood). May-June 2004; 23 (3): 146-154. http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/23/3/146

• Berndt ER, Glennerster R, Kremer MR, et al. Advance market commitments for vaccines against Neglected Disease: Estimating Costs and Effectiveness. Working Paper No. 98. Washington DC: Center for Global Development, 2006. 43 pp. www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/9897 [This article looks at the value of guaranteeing a market and price to get new vaccines tested and made.]

• Cohen JC and Illingworth P. "The Dilemma of Intellectual Property Rights for Pharmaceuticals: The Tension between Ensuring Access of the Poor to Medicines and Committing to International Agreements. " Developing World Bioethics, May 2003; 3(1): 27-48.

• Collier J, Iheanacho I. “The pharmaceutical industry as an informant.” Lancet. 2002; 360: 1405-1409.

• Correa C. “Implication of bilateral free trade agreements on access to medicines.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006; 84: 399-404.

• Danzon PM, Towse A. “Differential pricing for pharmaceuticals: reconciling access, R&D and patents.” International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics. September 2003; 3(3); 183-205. [A review article providing background on the variables behind pharmaceutical pricing.]

• Dukes MNG. “Accountability of the pharmaceutical industry.” Lancet. 2002; 360: 1682-1684.

• Galvao J. “Access to antiretroviral drugs in Brazil.” Lancet. 2002; 360: 1862-1865.

• Havlir D, Hammer S. “Patents versus patients?: antiretroviral therapy in India.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2005; 353: 749-751. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/353/8/749.pdf

• Henry D, Lexchin J. “The pharmaceutical industry as a medicines provider.” Lancet. 2002; 360: 1590-1595.

• Jack W, Lanjouw J. Financing pharmaceutical innovation: how much should poor countries contribute? Working Paper No. 28. Washington DC: Center for Global Development, 2003. www.cgdev.org/content/publications/details/2762

• Laing, R. “The world health and drug situation.” International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine. 1999; 12: 51-57. [Article review major health and pharmaceutical developments in developing countries for the past 25 years and suggests what may occur over the next 25 years.]

• Lanjouw J. Intellectual property and the availability of pharmaceuticals in poor countries. Working Paper No. 5. Washington DC: Center for Global Development, 2002. www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/2785

• Levine R, Kremer M, Albright A. Making Markets for Vaccines: Ideas to Action. Washington DC: Center for Global Development, 2005. www.cgdev.org/doc/books/vaccine/MakingMarkets-complete.pdf

• Lundberg L et al. "Effects of User Charges on the Use of Prescription Medicines in Different Socio-Economic Groups," Health Policy. 1998: 123-134.

• Maurer S. “Choosing the right incentive strategy for research and development in neglected diseases.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006; 84: 376-381. www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/84/5/376.pdf

• Oliveira M, Bermudez J, Chaves G, Velasquez G. “Has the implementation of the TRIPS agreement in Latin America and the Caribbean produced intellectual property legislation that favours public health?” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2004; 82: 815-821.

• Plathe J. “Tiered pricing of vaccines: a win-win-win situation, not a subsidy.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2005; 5: 58-63.

• Quick J. "Essential Medicines Twenty-Five Years On: Closing the Access Gap." Health Policy and Planning, 2003; 18(1): 1-3.

• Ratanawijitrasin S et al. "Do National Medicinal Drug Policies and Essential Drug Programs Improve Drug Use?: A Review of Experiences in Developing Countries," Social Science and Medicine. 2001; 53: 831-844.

• Reich, Michael. “The Global Drug Gap.” Science, 2000:287:1979-1981. [Article addresses why the 10/90 drug gap (ie, 90% of all drug research is spent for diseases affecting 10% of the world’s population) exist and the methodologies by which to reduce this large gap.]

• Resnik D. "Developing Drugs for the Developing World: An Economic, Legal, Moral, and Political Dilemma." Developing World Bioethics, 2001, 1 (1):18.

• Ridley DB. “Price differentiation and transparency in the global pharmaceutical marketplace.” Pharmacoeconomics. 2005; 23 (7): 651-658.

• Schwartlander B, Grubb I, Perriens J. “The 10-year struggle to provide antiretroviral treatment to people with HIV in the developing world.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 541-546.

• Seonane-Vazquez E, Rodriguez-Monaquio. “Negotiating antiretroviral drug prices: the experience of the Andean countries.” Health Policy and Planning. March 2007; 22 (2): 63-72.

• Serdobova I, Kieny M. “Assembling a global vaccine development pipeline for infectious diseases in the developing world.” American Journal of Public Health. 2006; 96: 1554-1559.

• Supakankunti S, Janjaroen WS, Tangphao O, Ratanawijitrasin S, Kraipornsak P, Pradithavanij P. “Impact of the World Trade Organization TRIPS agreement on the pharmaceutical industry in Thailand.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2001; 79: 461-470.

• Wainberg M. “Generic HIV drugs – enlightened policy for global health.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2005; 352: 747-750.

• Wheeler C, Berkley S. “Initial lessons from public-private partnerships in drug and vaccine development.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2001; 79: 728-734.

• WHO. Essential Medicine: WHO Model List. Geneva: WHO, 2007. [List of minimum medications needed for a basic health care system with attention to safety and cost-effectiveness.] http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/EssMedList15.pdf

• Widdus R. “Public-private partnerships for health; their main targets, their diversity and their future directions.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2001; 79: 713-720.

• Wilson DP, Blower SM. “Designing equitable antiretroviral allocation strategies in resource-constrained countries.” PLoS Medicine February 2005; 2(2); e50.


POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC STUDIES [Back to Topics]

• Carballo M, Mboup M. International migration and health. Global Commission on International Migration website. www.gcim.org/attachements/TP13.pdf

• Cleland J, Bernstein S, Ezeh A, et al. “Family planning: the unfinished agenda.” Lancet. 2006;368:1810-1827. [Third article of 6 in The Lancet's Sexual and Reproductive Health Series. Discusses proven effectiveness of family planning programs in facilitating the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, and reveals lack of global political support and economic encouragement that inhibits revitalization and expansion of such programs in poor nations.]

• Coale A. “The History of the World's Population.” Scientific American, 1974: 231(3): 40-51. [Classic article on population]

• Cohen J. “Human population grows up.” Scientific American. 2005; 293: 48-55.

• Demographic and health surveys (MEASURE Project). www.measuredhs.com/hivdata/start.cfm

• Family Health International. A Guide to Research Findings on the Cairo Consensus. www.fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/booksReports/cairoconsensus/index.htm [Provides a list of reviews of the research that has been conducted since the 1994 Cairo consensus on specific topics outlined in the International Conference on Population and Development Program of Action.]

• Germain A. “Population and Reproductive Health: Where Do We Go Next.” American Journal of Public Health. 2000; 90(12): 1845-1847. [Interesting commentary from a leading figure in the population health movement. She highlights areas that still need to be addressed from the Cairo conference.]

• Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM). Geneva: GCIM, 2005. www.gcim.org/attachements/gcim-complete-report-2005.pdf [Migration in an interconnected world: new directions for action.]

• Global Gag Rule - Access Denied. www.globalgagrule.org [Documents effects of Mexico City Policy to restrict international family planning.]

• Heller P. “Asia: ready or not.” Finance and Development. 2006; 43 (3). http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2006/09/heller.htm[Challenges faced by the industrial countries with the prospective retirement of the baby-boom generation are well recognized. Less appreciated is that many developing Asian countries face their own demographic 'time bomb.']

• Hesketh T, Lu L, Xing ZW. “The effect of China’s one child family policy after 25 years.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2005; 353 (11): 1171-1176.

• JHPIEGO. http://www.jhpiego.org/ [This program and its specialty divisions have a wealth of short and long online materials on reproductive, maternal and child health. Affiliated with Johns Hopkins University, JHPIEGO has years of experience with the training, design and evaluation of MCH and reproductive health programs.]

• Jimenez E, Murthi M. “Investing in the youth bulge.” Finance and Development. 2006;43. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2006/09/jimenez.htm. [Explores impact of rising demand for immigrant labor and likely trends.]

• Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. Population Reports. http://www.infoforhealth.org/ provides much online material covering the population and reproductive field. See especially a 9-chapter update on population and MCH topics at: http://www.infoforhealth.org/pr/m17/

• Kirk D. “Demographic transition theory.” Population Studies. 1996; 50: 361-387.

• Langer A. “Cairo after 12 years: successes, setbacks, and challenges.” Lancet. 2006; 368:1552-1554.

• Lee R, Mason A. “What is the demographic dividend?” Finance and Development. 2006;43. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2006/09/basics.htm

• Livi-Bacci M. A Concise History of World Population. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers; 2006. [The standard history of world population. Its explains links between nature, culture, and population and at ways to prevent future environmental collapse and human catastrophe. Covers changing patterns of population growth, and effects of migrations, wars, disease, technology and culture.]

• Lloyd-Sherlock P. “Social policy and population ageing: challenges for north and south.” International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002; 31: 754-757.

• Montgomery M, Stren R, Cohen B, Reed H. Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2003.

• Noble J, Potts M. “The fertility transition in Cuba and the Federal Republic of Korea: the impact of organised family planning.” Journal of Biosocial Science. 1996; 28: 211-225.

• Palacios R. “The future of global ageing.” International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002; 31: 786-791.

• Population Index website. http://popindex.princeton.edu/

• Population Reference Bureau website. www.prb.org/

• Schultz T. The fertility transition: economic explanations. Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper 83. 2001. www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp833.pdf

• Seltzer J. The Origins and Evolution of Family Planning in Developing Countries. Santa Monica: Rand, 2002. www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/2007/MR1276.pdf

• Silliman J, King Y. Dangerous Intersections: Feminist Perspectives on Population, Environment, and Development. Boston: South End Press,1999.

• United Nations Population Fund. www.unfpa.org/

• WHO. International Migration, Health and Human Rights. Geneva: WHO, 2003.

• World in the Balance: The Population Paradox. DVD. WGBH Boston, 2004.

PUBLIC HEALTH, COMMUNITY HEALTH & PRIMARY CARE [Back to Topics]

• Banerji D. “Reflections on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Alma-Ata Declaration.” International Journal of Health Services. 2003; 33: 813-818.

• Beaglehole R. Global Public Health: A New Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003. [The book highlights the challenges facing public health and globally. The second section concentrates on the structure of public health systems around the world and how different structures tackle common health problems. The third part looks at new areas in public health. The book is easily readable and well laid-out.]

• Beaglehole R. Public Health at the Crossroads: Achievements and Prospects. 2 nd Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2004. [An important book that reviews public health and development, and reviews broad epidemiological and demographic trends, summarizing the current state of the world’s health, patterns of epidemics, and the causes of premature death.]

• Behague D, Goncalves H, Dias da Costa J. “Making medicine for the poor: primary health care interpretations in Pelotas, Brazil.” Health Policy and Planning. 2002; 17: 131-143. ["This paper explores the local political setting in which primary health care and community participation have been implemented in Pelotas, Brazil over the past two decades." Concludes the following: "Rather than discuss community participation through vague concepts such as empowerment and citizenship, those involved in PHC reform would do well to take explicit (publicly stated) responsibility for the socio-political, financial and bureaucratic constraints to PHC."]

• Bender D, Pitkin K. “Bridging the gap: the village health worker as the cornerstone of the primary health care model.” Social Science and Medicine. 1987; 24: 515-528.

• Briggs C, Garner P. “Strategies for integrating primary health services in middle- and low-income countries at the point of delivery.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;2:CD003318.

• Donahue J. “Rural health efforts in the urban-dominated political economy: three Third World examples.” Medical Anthropology. 1989; 11: 109-125.

• Dresang L, Brebrick L, Murray D, Shallue A, Sullivan-Vedder L. “Family medicine in Cuba: community-oriented primary care and complementary and alternative medicine.” Journal of the American Board of Family Practice. 2005;18:297-303. [Nice contrast of Cuban and American approaches, and discussion of applicability of aspects of Cuban model to US practices.]

• Farmer P, Leandre F, Mukherjee J, Gupta R, Tarter L, Kim J. “Community-based treatment of advanced HIV disease: introducing DOT-HAART (directly observed therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy).” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2001; 79: 1145-1151.

• Geiger H. “Community-oriented primary care: a path to community development.” American Journal of Public Health. 2002;92:1713-1716.

• Hall J, Taylor R. “Health for all beyond 2000: the demise of the Alma-Ata Declaration and primary health care in developing countries.” Medical Journal of Australia. 2003; 178: 17-20. www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_01_060103/hal10723_fm.html

• Heggenhougen H. “Will primary health care efforts be allowed to succeed?” Social Science and Medicine. 1984; 19: 217-224.

• Koenig S, Leandre F, Farmer P. “Scaling-up HIV treatment programmes in resource-limited settings: the rural Haiti experience.” AIDS. 2004; 18 (Suppl 3): S21-S25.

• Lewin S, Dick J, Pond P, et al. “Lay health workers in primary and community health care.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005;1:CD004015.

• Lewis M, Eskeland G, Traa-Valerezo X. “Primary health care in practice: is it effective?” Health Policy. 2004; 70: 303-325. www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/2733

• Liechty C, Bangsberg D. “Doubts about DOT: antiretroviral therapy for resource-poor countries.” AIDS. 2003; 17: 1383-1387. [A counterpoint to DOT therapies. Questions efficacy and appropriateness of DOT.]

• Longlett S, Kruse J, Wesley R. “Community-oriented primary care: historical perspective.” Journal of the American Board of Family Practice. 2001;14:54-63.

• Macfarlane S, Racelis M, Muli-Muslime F. “Public health in developing countries.” Lancet. 2000; 356: 841-846.

• Magnussen L, Ehiri J, Jolly P. “Comprehensive versus selective primary health care: lessons for global health policy.” Health Affairs. 2004; 23: 167-76.

• Mullan F, Epstein L. “Community-oriented primary care: a new relevance in a changing world.” American Journal of Public Health. 2002; 92:1748-55. www.ajph.org/cgi/content/full/92/11/1748

• Newell K. Health by the People. Geneva: WHO, 1975 [Dated but an excellent source of case studies of community involvement in different countries.]

• Pfeiffer J. “International NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique: the need for a new model of collaboration.” Social Science and Medicine. 2003; 56: 725-738.

• Public Health Institute: www.phi.org/about.html

• Rosen G. A History of Public Health. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. 626 pp. [“An enjoyable text covering the evolution of public health in Ancient Greece and Rome, Europe and the United States.”]

• Salud! Connie Field, Gail Reed. DVD. Medical Education Cooperation with Cuba. 2006. http://www.saludthefilm.net/ns/main.html

• Segall M. “Primary health care is viable.” International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 1987; 2: 281-291.

• Spiegel J, Yassi A. “Lessons from the margins of globalization: appreciating the Cuban health paradox.” Journal of Public Health Policy. 2004; 25: 85-110.

• Taylor D, Taylor C. Just and Lasting Change: When Communities Own Their Futures. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2002. [Provides examples of community development as a result of direct involvement in the development process; proposes approach to ‘scaling up’ development.]

• Tollman SM, Pick WM. “Roots, shoots, but too little fruit: assessing the contributions of community-oriented primary care in South Africa.” American Journal of Public Health. 2002; 92: 1725-1728.

• Walton D, Farmer P, Lambert W, Leandre F, Koenig S, Mukherjee J. “Integrated HIV prevention and care strengthens primary health care: lessons from rural Haiti.” Journal of Public Health Policy. 2004; 25: 137-158.

• Wayland C, Crowder J. “Disparate views of community in primary health care: understanding how perceptions influence success.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 2002;16:230-247. ["Using two examples, a community clinic in El Alto, Bolivia, and a community health-worker program in Rio Branco, Brazil, this article discusses some of the problems that arise when local definitions of community do not correspond to programmatic definitions."]

• WHO. Declaration of Alma-Ata: International Conference on Primary Health Care. WHO;1978. http://phmovement.org/charter/almaata.html [Classic statement of the world health problem and world health commitment, still relevant today]

• Woelk G. “Primary health care in Zimbabwe: can it survive? An exploration of the political and historical developments affecting the implementation of PHC.” Social Science and Medicine. 1994; 39: 1027-1035.

RESEARCH METHODS, EVALUATION, SURVEY DESIGN [Back to Topics]

• Angulo A, Feij L, de Haan S, et al. Priority Setting for Health Research: Toward a management process for low and middle-income countries. Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED) Working Paper 1, 2006. The focus is on key issues necessary for a national priority setting process (one that is dynamic and evolves with new contexts) for health research. www.cohred.org/priority_setting/COHREDWP1%20PrioritySetting.pdf

• Chaulk CP, Grady M. “Evaluating tuberculosis control programs: strategies, tools and models.” International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2000 Feb; 4 (2 Suppl 1): S55-60.

• CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials). www.consort-statement.org CONSORT offers a checklist and flow diagram for an evidence-based approach to improve randomized trials. The intent is to make the experimental process more clear, so that users can appropriately evaluate its validity for their purposes.

• Coughlin SS. “Ethical issues in epidemiologic research and public health practice.” Emerging Themes in Epidemiology. 3: 16. www.ete-online.com/content/3/1/16

• Demographic and Health Survey website, especially review areas “Research and Methodology”, “DHS Surveys” and “History”. www.measuredhs.com

• Des Jarlais DC, Lyles C, Crepaz N, and the TREND Group. “Improving the Reporting Quality of Nonrandomized Evaluations of Behavioral and Public Health Interventions: the TREND Statement.” American Journal of Public Health. Mar 2004; 94 (3): 361-366. TREND (Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Non-Randomized Designs): The guidelines presented emphasize reporting of theories used and descriptions of intervention and comparison conditions, research design and methods of adjusting for possible biases in non randomized research studies.

• Fowler FJ Jr. Survey Research Methods 3 rd Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2002.

• Fowler FJ Jr., Mangione T. Standardized Survey Interviewing, Minimizing Interviewer-Related Error. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1990.

• Landes M. “Can context justify an ethical double standard for clinical research in developing countries?” Globalization and Health. 2005; 1:11.

• London Health Observatory. A Guide to Reviewing Published Evidence for Use in Health Impact Assessment. London: London Health Observatory (LHO), September 2006. This Guide provides a step-by-step framework to assist practitioners in reviewing literature for use in a health impact assessment (HIA).
(http://www.lho.org.uk/Download/Public/10846/1/Reviewing%20Evidence-Final%20v6.4_230806.pdf)

• McDowell I, Newell C. Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. [This is the best book for rating scales and questionnaires. Well-written and to the point.]

• Murray CJL. “Towards good practice for health statistics: lessons from the Millennium Development Goal health indicators.” Lancet. 2007; 369: 862-873.

• Rio Group. Compendium on best practices in poverty measurement. Expert Group on Poverty Statistics – Rio Group. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. September 2006. 8th Meeting of the Rio Group created this report which analyzes current practices in poverty measurement and portrays advantages and limitations of these practices : http://www.ibge.gov.br/poverty/pdf/rio_group_compendium.pdf

• Salomon JA, Mathers CD, Chatterji S, Sadana R, Ustun TB, Murray CJL. “Quantifying Individual Levels of Health: Definitions, Concepts and Measurement Issues.” Health Systems Performance Assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003. pp. 301-318.

CLINICAL AND REHABILITATIVE HEALTH SERVICES [Back to Topics]

• Birrell K, Birrell G. Diagnosis and treatment: a training manual for primary health care workers. London: Macmillan Education, 2000. 272 pp. [Practical guide to diagnosis and treatment of the most common illnesses presented at rural and urban health centers in line with WHO and national drug guidelines.]

• Eddleston M, Davidson R, Wilkinson R, Pierini S. Oxford Handbook of Tropical Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 672 pp.

• Evans P, Zinkin P, Harpham T, Chaudury G. “Evaluation of medical rehabilitation in community based rehabilitation.” Social Science and Medicine. 2001; 53: 333-348.

• Hartley S, Ojwang P, Baguwemu A, Ddamulira M, Chavuta A. “How do carers of disabled children cope?: The Ugandan perspective.” Child: Care, Health and Development. 2005; 31: 167-180.

• Hesperian Foundation. [Excellent series of low cost books for training and use at the community level.] Review Hesperian Foundation’s site for a complete list of publications: http://www.hesperian.org/index.htm. Of special interest: Where There Is No Doctor (D. Werner, with C. Thuman and J. Maxwell); Where Women Have No Doctor (A. Burns, R. Lovich, J. Maxwell, and K. Shapiro); HIV Health and Your Community (R Granich and J. Mermin); Where There Is No Dentist (M. Dickinson); Disabled Village Children (D. Werner); A Book for Midwives (Susan Klein); Helping Health Workers Learn (D. Werner and B. Bower); Helping Children Who Are Blind: Family and community support for children with vision problems (S. Niemann and N Jacob).

• Hobbs L, McDonough S, O’Callaghan A. Life After Injury: A Rehabilitation Manual for the Injured – and Their Helpers. Penang: Third World Network, 2002. 593 pp.

• Hopewell PC, Pai M, Maher D, Uplekar M, Raviglione M. “International Standard for Tuberculosis Care.” Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2006; 6: 710-725.

• The INFO Project. Publications: The INFO Project website. www.infoforhealth.org/pubs.shtml?PHPSESSID=5816c11cc16b8a196e8f7968d4f76aee. [Links to various family planning resources, including a global handbook for providers and decision-making/counselling tools for use with clients, including one specifically geared to people living with HIV.]

• Jong EC, McMullen W. The Travel and Tropic Medicine Manual (3 rd edition). Seattle: WB Saunders Co, 2002. 672 pp. [Comprehensive, written for health workers though in very understandable prose; 39 chapters divided into six sections (The Traveling Patient, Fever, Diarrhea, Skin Lesions, STDs and Worms)]

• Kalter HD, Burnham G, Kolstad PR et al. ” Evaluation of clinical signs to diagnose anaemia in Uganda and Bangladesh, in areas with and without malaria.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1997; 75 S:103-111.

• Khatib O. Guidelines for the prevention, management and care of diabetes mellitus. Cairo: WHO, 2006. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/emro/2006/9789290214045_eng.pdf [Multidisciplinary overview of diabetes prevention and treatment for health workers.]

• Medecins Sans Frontieres. MSF Reference Books: List of Handbooks. http://msf.ie/default.asp?id=10 [Provides a list of resources generated by Medecins Sans Frontieres to provide clinical guidance to health workers in remote areas of the developing world.]

• Mitchell R. “Community-based rehabilitation: the generalized model.” Disability and Rehabilitation. 1999; 21: 522-528.

• Schull RC. Common medical problems in the tropics. London: Macmillan Press, 1999. 436 pp.

• Southall D, Coulter B, Ronald C, Nicholson S, Parke S International Child Health Care: A Practical Manual for Hospitals Worldwide. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2004. 626 pp. [Ideal, affordable reference for anyone planning to work in child health in developing countries. Despite title, is also highly relevant for ambulatory care.]

• Tyring S, Lupi O, Hengge U. Tropical Dermatology. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2005. 528 pp.

• Wade D. “Community rehabilitation, or rehabilitation in the community?” Disability and Rehabilitation. 2003; 25: 875-881.

• Werner D. Nothing About Us Without Us: Developing Innovative Technologies For, By and With Disabled Persons. Palo Alto: HealthWrights, 1998. 360 pp. www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/global/david/dwe001/dwe00101.htm

• Werner D, Sanders D. Questioning the Solution. Palo Alto: HealthWrights , 1997. [Practical suggestions of how to go about Liberation Medicine through Community Oriented Primary Care with the community and a strong critique of much that is now done. Includes also an analysis of the response to AIDS in the developing world. Werner is the author of Where There Is No Doctor.]

• WHO. Community-based rehabilitation and the health care referral services: a guide for programme managers. Geneva: WHO, 1994. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1994/WHO_RHB_94.1.pdf [A practical overview for developing, implementing and evaluating a community-based rehabilitation program.]

• WHO. Management of the Child with a Serious Infection or Severe Malnutrition: Guidelines for Care at the First-Referral Level in Developing Countries. Geneva: WHO, 2000. 162 pp. http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/publications/CHILD_HEALTH/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.1.htm

• WHO. Handbook: IMCI Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. Dept. of Child and Adolescent Health and Development. Geneva: WHO, April 2000. 173 pp. WHO/FCH/CAH/00.12. www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/IMCI/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.12/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.12.pdf

• WHO. Therapeutic education of patients with coronary artery disease: training guide for general practitioners. Copenhagen: WHO, 2006. www.euro.who.int/document/e88278.pdf [Overview of CAD, including descriptions of pathophysiology and therapeutic principles for health workers.]

• WHO. HIV/AIDS Knowledge Case. WHO Global Health Library website. www.who.int/ghl/mobile_libraries/hivcase/en/index.html [Provides a list of resources included in WHO’s HIV/AIDS Knowledge Case, which contains resources on prevention, treatment and social impact of HIV infection.]

• WHO. Blue Trunk Libraries: Contents. WHO Global Health Library website. www.who.int/ghl/mobile_libraries/bluetrunk/en/index2.html#120 [Provides a list of the resources included in WHO’s Blue Trunk Library, which contains more than 100 books on 14 different topics in medicine and public health specifically tailored to the needs of health workers in the developing world.]

• WHO. New emergency health kit 98: drugs and medical supplies for 10,000 persons for approximately 3 months. WHO Action Programme on Essential Drugs and Vaccines. Geneva, 1998. 73pp. WHO/DAP/98.10. [Drugs required in an emergency disaster situation available at: www.who.int/disasters/repo/5480.pdf]

SOCIAL, BEHAVIOURAL, CULTURAL AND RELATED [Back to Topics]

• Anderson I, Crengle S, Kamaka ML, Chen TH, Palafax N, Jackson-Pulver L. “Indigenous health in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific.” Lancet. 2006; 367: 1775-1785. [First of four articles on indigenous health.]

• Bigby J. Cross-Cultural Medicine. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians, 2001. [Important background information on various racial, ethnic, and cultural groups in America, their general health problems and risks, and spiritual and religious issues. Chapters lay foundation for exploring an individual's health beliefs and concerns in the context of his or her socio-cultural experiences.]

• Birdsall N. “Chapter 14: Pragmatism, Robin Hood and Other Themes: Good Government and the Social Well-Being in Developing Countries.” In: Health and Social Change in International Perspective. Chen L, Kleinman A, Ware N (Eds.) Cambridge: Harvard School of Public Health, 1994. pp. 375-412.

• Bourne R. Invisible lives. Undercounted, underrepresented and underneath: the socio-economic plight of indigenous peoples in the Commonwealth. London: Commonwealth Studies Unit, 2003, 18 pp. http://www.cpsu.org.uk/downloads/Invisible%20Lives.pdf

• Brach C, Fraser I. “Can cultural competency reduce racial and ethnics health disparities? A review and conceptual model.” Medical Care Research and Review. November 2000; 57 (Suppl 1): 181-217.

• Bristow F. Utz W'achil: Health and well being among Indigenous Peoples. London: Health Unlimited/London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 2003, 34 pp. www.healthunlimited.org/aboutus/HU%20Study%20on%20Indigenous%20People%202003.pdf [Indigenous people from different parts of the world describe their beliefs and attitudes to health and well being and what they do when they have problems with their health.

• Fadiman A. The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1998. 341 pp. [Excellent book showing how the clash of immigrant and health care provider beliefs can complicate treatment. This case focuses on the issue of epilepsy in a Laotian immigrant family.]

• Fink S. “International Efforts Spotlight Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine.” American Journal of Public Health. 2002, 92(11): 1734-1739.

• Hahn RA (Ed.) Anthropology in Public Health: Bridging Differences in Culture and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. [Case studies written by anthropologists with the specific objective of being useful for public health, and also to present the anthropological approach and methodology so it will be understandable to other disciplines.]

• Heggenhougen K, Hackethal V, Vivek P. The behavioural and social aspects of malaria and its control - An introduction and annotated bibliography, 2003. 226 pp. www.who.int/tdr/publications/publications/pdf/seb_malaria.pdf [Monograph makes clear that the fight against malaria and other infectious diseases is inseparable from the striving for socioeconomic and political equity. Human behaviour is related to risk for malaria, and that such behaviour is influenced by a range of cultural and social factors which it is crucial to consider."]

• Helman CG. Culture, Health and Illness, 4th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, 336 pp.

• Jenkins C.D. Building Better Health. A Handbook of Behavioral Change. Washington DC: PAHO, 2003. [This book offers step-by-step instruction in behavioral change techniques to use at the society, community, family, and individual levels.]

• Jenkins J, Maphorogo S, Sutter E (Eds.) The Community is My University. Amsterdam: KIT Publishers, 2004. A voice from the grass roots on rural health and development ["In this book, based on a series of interviews with the main community organizer, Selina Maphorogo, the pitfalls and struggle to achieve successful community participation in health is elaborated. The book attempts to highlight the communication gap between health providers and the community."]

• Jones COH, Williams HA. ““The Social Burden of Malaria: What Are We Measuring?” American Journal of Tropical Hygieine and Medicine. 2004; 71 (Suppl 2): 156-161. http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/71/2_suppl/156

• Kagawa-Singer M, Kassim-Lakha S. “A strategy to reduce cross-cultural miscommunication and increase the likelihood of improving health outcomes.” Academic Medicine. June 2003; 78(6): 577-587.

• King SR, Carlson TJ, Moran K. “Biological diversity, indigenous knowledge, drug discovery and intellectual property rights: creating reciprocity and maintaining relationships.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1996; 51: 45-57. ["When new plant-derived therapeutics based on indigenous knowledge are being explored, it is important that the pharmaceutical companies return benefits to the native populations and the local governments from which the research material was obtained."]

• Kohls LR. Survival Kit for Overseas Living. 3rd ed. Yarmouth: Intercultural Press, 1996, 181 pp.

• Mattson, C.L., R.C. Bailey, R. Muga, R. Poulussen, and T. Onyango. “Acceptability of Male Circumcision and Predictors of Circumcision Preference Among Men and Women in Nyanza Province, Kenya.” AIDS Care. 1995; 17(2):182-194.

• Pigg L. “Acronyms and Effacement: Traditional Medical Practitioners in International Health Development.” Social Science and Medicine. 1995; 41(1): 47- 68. [The article actually has much more general interest than the title implies. It contains an excellent summary and discussion of the various errors and fallacies that get introduced and inadvertently perpetuated in the medical literature.]

• Reeler, AV. “Anthropological perspectives on injections: a review.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization.. 2000; 78(1): 135-43. www.who.int/injection_safety/toolbox/en/Reeler.pdf ["Article examines the reasons for the increasing demand of injections by consumers and the administration of unnecessary or unsafe injections by different types of provider. Interventions to reduce the number of unnecessary injections are discussed in relation to cultural and social factors, as well as those associated with health systems."]

• Romanucci-Ross L, Moerman DE, Tancredi LR, eds. The Anthropology of Medicine: From Culture to Method. 3rd ed. Westport: Bergin & Garvey; 1997. [Long-awaited revision of a classic text in medical anthropology with much new material on subjects as diverse as aging, creativity, and ideology. A comprehensive introduction to the rapidly growing field of medical anthropology and a state-of-the-art reference work.]

• UNAIDS. Ancient remedies, new disease: Involving traditional healers in increasing access to AIDS care and prevention in East Africa. Geneva: UNAIDS, 2002. http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-pub02/jc761-ancientremedies_en.pd

• Vincent R. What do we do with culture? Engaging culture in development. Exchange, March 2005, 6 pp. [Good summary with examples from HIV/AIDS programs and extensive bibliography.] www.healthlink.org.uk/PDFs/findings_culture.pdf

• Whitehead M, Dahlgren G. Levelling up (part 1): A discussion paper on concepts and principles for tackling social inequities in health. WHO Collaborating Centre for Policy Research on Social Determinants of Health. www.euro.who.int/document/e89383.pdf [Social and economic inequities/determinants of health are the central focus of this paper - authors discuss factors that are "systematic, socially produced (and therefore modifiable) and unfair.”]

• WHO-Commission on Social Determinants of Health . www.who.int/social_determinants/en/ [A major source of information.]
WHO/HBSC Forum 2006 final case study publication: Addressing the socioeconomic determinants of healthy eating habits and physical activity levels among adolescents. www.euro.who.int/Document/e89375.pdf [Though focused on Europe this paper and the 10 country case studies has much that is relevant elsewhere.]

HEALTH SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT, POLICY AND MANAGEMENT [Back to Topics]

• Bach, S. International Mobility of Health Professionals - Brain Drain or Brain Exchange? UNU-WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/82 - August 2006, 29 pp. www.wider.unu.edu/publications/rps/rps2006/rp2006-82.pdf [Paper considers trends in mobility amongst doctors and nurses and the consequences for health systems.]

• Baltussen R. “Priority setting of public spending in developing countries: Do not try to do everything for everybody.” Health Policy. Oct 2006; 78(2-3): 149-156. [Paper presents a rational approach to targeting and prioritization of public spending, with an application to Ghana. The step-wise approach led to a rank ordering of interventions with a specification or whether public spending should be targeted at the whole population or the poor only.]

• Becker L, Picket J, Levine R. Measuring Commitment to Health - Global Health Indicators Working Group Consultation - Final Report. August 2006. 56 pp. www.cgdev.org/doc/ghprn/Measuring_Commitment_to_Health,final.pdf [Examines potential measures of a government's commitment to health with the goal of identifying and recommending a set of indicators for consideration by the MCC and other donors as they assess country eligibility for investment.]

• Berman P. Health Sector Reform in Developing Countries: Making Health Development Sustainable. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995. 401 pp. [Provides valuable insight as to how different developing countries address health sector reform. It gives various country and regional case studies to show what worked and what did not.]

• Bluestone, J. Task Shifting for a Strategic Skill Mix. JHPIEGO - The Capacity Project IntraHealth International, Chapel Hill, 2006. www.capacityproject.org/images/stories/files/techbrief_5_final.pdf [“Based on a literature review and country examples describes why task shifting is important and highlights key steps in planning for, developing and supporting cadres involved in task shifting….”]

• Blumenthal D, Hsiao W. “Privatization and Its Discontents – the Evolving Chinese Health Care System.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2005; 353 (11): 1165-1170

• Edejer, T T-T. “Disseminating health information in developing countries: the role of the internet.” BMJ, September 30, 2000; 321(7264): 797 - 800. [Article explores advances in communication and impacts on health systems.]

• McDaid D. “Evaluating Health Interventions in the 21 st Century: Old and New Challenges.” Health Policy. 2003; 63(2): 117-120. [This is a wonderful article on how to evaluate health interventions.]

• Murray CJ, Frenk J. “A framework for assessing the performance of health systems.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78(6): 717-731. www.who.int/bulletin/pdf/2000/issue6/bu0542.pdf [Explains the concepts and methods used by WHO to rank the performance of country health systems.]

• PAHO/WHO. Health Human Resources Trends in the Americas: Evidence for Action. 2006, 60 pp. www.observatoriorh.org/Lima/docs/HRHA%20Strengthening%20_eng.pdf [Applying WHO guideline, review estimates that approximately 128,000 additional doctors and nurses would be required in the Americas for all countries to meet this minimum health service standards.

• PAHO/WHO. Challenges to the Management of Human Resources for Health 2005-2015. Washington DC: PAHO, 2006. 76 pp. www.observatoriorh.org/Lima/docs/DesafiosGestionHR_eng.pdf [Describes and highlights major issues and challenges associated with human resources management in the public health sector.]

• Peabody JW. “Economic reform and health sector policy: Lessons from structural adjustment programs.” Social Science and Medicine. 1996; 43: 823-835.

• Physicians for Human Rights. Bold Solutions to Africa’s Health Worker Shortage, 2006, 11 pp. www.physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/report-boldsolutions-2006.pdf [Concise recommendations for easing the Brain Drain. Anticipates much more detailed PHR report on this topic.]

• Roemer, Milton. National Health Systems of the World, Vol. I, The Countries (663 p), and Vol. II, The Issues (356 p). New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. [The definitive and still relevant categorization and description of the world’s health care systems.

• USAID- Maximizing Access and Quality. Making Supervision Supportive and Sustainable: New Approaches to Old Problems -- MAQ Papers, Vol. XXX, No. 4. 2002. 28 pp. www.maqweb.org/maqdoc/MAQno4final.pdf [A good primer on the elements of good supervision of family planning and health programs in developing countries based on experiences of various USAID contractors and identifies approaches that may be more effective and sustainable.]

• Van Dorslaer E, Masseria C, Koolman X and the OECD Health Equity Research Group. “Inequalities in access to medical care by income in developed countries.” Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2006; 174 (2). [Although in most OECD countries general practitioner care is distributed fairly equally and is often even pro-poor, the very pro-rich distribution of specialist care tends to make total doctor utilization somewhat pro-rich. This phenomenon appears to be universal, but it is reinforced when private insurance or private care options are offered.]

• Whitehead M, Dahlgren G, Evans T. “Equity and health sector reforms: can low-income countries escape the medical poverty trap.” Lancet. Sept 8, 2001; 358: 833-836. [This already classic article looks at the important ethical dilemma in health sector reforms and can we help the poorest achieve health.]

• WHO. Health Metrics Network. http://www.who.int/healthmetrics/en/ [Visit this site for diverse information about setting up, monitoring and evaluating health information systems. Among available documents are Standards for the Development of Country Health Information Systems, a Review and Assessments of Health Information Systems by Country, and lots more.]

• WHO. World Health Report 2000. Health systems: improving performance. www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf [Seminal document; attempts to rate and rank health care systems worldwide. Chapters include: Director General's Message; Why do health systems matter? How well do health systems perform? Health services: well chosen, well organized? What resources are needed? Who pays health systems? How is the public interest protected? Statistical annex.]

• WHO. World Health Report 2006. Working Together for Health. http://www.who.int/whr/2006/whr06_en.pdf [Contains an assessment of the current crisis in the global health workforce and a set of proposals to tackle it over the next ten years, starting immediately.]

• WHO/WPRO. Electronic Health Records- A Manual for Developing Countries. [A basic reference when exploring the development and implementation of electronic health record (EHR) systems. It includes: general overview, basic definitions, examples of EHR practices, guidance for introducing EHR and dealing with problems.

• World Bank. World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health. World Bank/Oxford University Press 1993.
[First and still highly relevant WB study of health problems, health resources, and how they are used and misused. A landmark study.]

• World Bank. Better Health in Africa: Experience and Lessons Learned. Washington DC: World Bank, 1994. 240 pp. http://www.worldbank.org/afr/pubs.htm [Excellent review of the problems, solutions, and costs.}

TECHNOLOGY AND RELATED [Back to Topics]

• Cutler D, Meara E. Changes in the age distribution of mortality over the 20 th century. NBER working paper no. 8556. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001. [Available at: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w8556 for $5, a summary is available from http://www.nber.org/digest/mar02/w8556.html?tools=printit. The article gives a fascinating account of what has happened to mortality throughout the 20 th century and the implications of technological improvement on health.]

• Cutler D, McClellan M. “Is technological change in medicine worth it?” Health Affairs. 2001; 20 (5): 11-29. [This is an article that examines whether technology change actually makes an improvement in health.]

• Daar AS, Thorsteinsdottir H, Martin DK, Smith AC, Nast S, Singer PA. “Top ten biotechnologies for improving health in developing countries.” Nature Genetics, 2002; 32: 229-232.

• Douw K, Vondeling H. “Selection of new health technologies for assessment aimed at informing decision making: A survey among horizon scanning systems.” International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 2006; 22 (2): 177-183. [This article examines how different countries in Europe analyze the need for early inclusion of new health care technologies. It concludes that the decision making process does not always follow explicit criteria consistently and transparently.]

• Fraser HSF, Biondich P, Moodley D, Choi S, Mamlin BW, Szolovits P. “Implementing electronic medical record systems in developing countries.” Informatics in Primary Care. 2005; 13(2): 83-95. [Discusses pilot project on information systems that may be usable to track HIV/AIDS and TB.]

• Greenwood HL, Singer PA, Downey GP, Martin DK, Thorsteinsdottir H, Daar AS. “Regenerative Medicine and the Developing World.” PLoS Medicine. September 2006; 3 (9): e381. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030381 http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030381

• Grover-Kopec EK, Blumenthal MB, Ceccato P, Dinku T, Omumbo JA, Connor SJ. “Web-based climate information resources for malaria control in Africa.” Malaria Journal. 2006; 5: 38. www.malariajournal.com/content/5/1/38

• Johnston K, Kennedy C, Murdoch I, Taylor P, Cook C. “The cost-effectiveness of technology transfer using telemedicine.” Health Policy and Planning. 2004; 19 (5): 302-309.

• Juma C, Yee-Cheong L. “Reinventing global health: the role of science, technology and innovation.” Lancet. 2005; 365: 1105-1107.

• Kaplan WA. “Can the ubiquitous power of mobile phones be used to improve health outcomes in developing countries?” Globalization and Health. 2006; 2:9. www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/2/1/9 [This article looks at the ways mobile phones may be used to address global health problems in developing countries.]

• Kirigia JM, Seddoh A, Gatwiri D, Muthuri LHK, Seddoh J. “E-health: Determinants, opportunities, challenges and the way forward for countries in the WHO African Region.” BMC Public Health. 2005; 5: 137. www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/137

• Malkin RA. “Design of Health Care Technologies for the Developing World.” Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 2007; 9: 567-587. [This article is a wonderful look at some of the technological barriers to have and how biomedical engineers may be able to help solve some problems. This should be a strong reminder that our technologies are not sufficient and there needs to be locally applicable technologies made available.]

• Peters DH, Kohli M, Mascarenhas M, Rao K. “Can computers improve patient care by primary health care workers in India?” International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 2006; 18 (6): 437-445.

• Rafiq A, Merrell RC. “Telemedicine for Access to Quality Care on Medical Practice and Continuing Medical Education in a Global Arena.” The Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions. 2005; 25: 34-42.

• Senapati S, Advincula A. “Telemedicine and robotics: paving the way to the globalization of surgery.” International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2005; 91: 210-216.

• Voelcker J. “Creating Social Change: 10 Innovative Technologies.” Stanford Social Innovative Review Summer 2006. Palo Alto: Stanford Graduate School of Business, 2006. http://oed.colostate.edu/files/pdf/Creating%20Social%20Change-%2010%20Innovative%20Technologies%20Stanford%20IR%20Summer%202006.pdf [This article is a wonderful simple review of what simple interventions can do to global health, highlight 10 “big” ideas.]

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND RELATED [Back to Topics]

• American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Travel Clinic Directory: http://www.astmh.org/publications/clinics.cfm [List of American Travel Clinics]

• Arguin PM, Kozarksky PE, Reed C. Health Information for International Travel 2008: CDC Yellow Book. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2007. 648 pp. [This resource offers vital pre-travel healthcare recommendations and essential information on health risks abroad. It is written by experts at CDC in Atlanta, and the only publication that bears the stamps of approval from the CDC and the US Department of Health and Human Services.]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Travel): www.cdc.gov/travel [Regularly updated, CDC provides information on outbreaks and guidelines for disease prevention.]

• Dawood R. Travellers’ Health: How to stay healthy abroad. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 762 pp.

• Dupont HL. “Travellers’ diarrhoea: contemporary approaches to therapy and prevention.” Drugs. 2006; 66 (3): 303-314.

• Fradin MS, Day JF. “Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2002; 347 (1): 13-18.

• Freedom DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE et al. “Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2006; 342 (2): 119-130. [… When patients present to specialized clinics after travel to the developing world, travel destinations are associated with the probability of the diagnosis of certain diseases. Diagnostic approaches and empiric therapy can be guided by these destination-specific differences …]

• Hackett PH, Roach RC. “High Altitude Illness.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2001; 345 (2): 107-114.

• Hill DR, Ericsson CD, Pearson RD,, et al. “The practice of travel medicine: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.” Clinical Infectious Disease. 2006; 43 (12): 1499-1539. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CID/journal/issues/v43n12/40908/40908.web.pdf
[… Accompanying the growth of travel medicine has been a parallel effort in defining a body of knowledge and standards for its practice. These guidelines set forth the minimum standards for knowledge, experience and practice in travel medicine and review the major content areas in the field.]

• International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers (IAMAT): www.iamat.org [Advises travellers of health risks, geographic distribution of diseases, immunization requirements for all countries.]

• International Society of Travel Medicine (Travel Clinic Directory): http://www.istm.org/WebForms/Members/IndexSecure.aspx?sUrl=/clinicdir/clinicdir.aspx
[The ISTM Clinical Directory will help locate health care professionals with an expertise in Travel Medicine.]

• Jong EC, McMullen R. The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual. 3rd edition. St. Louis: WB Saunders Co., 2003, 672 pp. [Comprehensive, written for health workers though in very understandable prose; 40 chapters in 7 sections]

• Public Health Agency of Canada. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/tmp-pmv/travel/clinic_e.html [List of Canadian Travel Clinics.]

• Rose S, Keystone JS. International Travel Health Guide 2006, 13 th edition. New York: Mosby, 2006, 784 pages.

• Ryan ET, Kain KC. “Health Advice and Immunizations for Travelers.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2000; 342 (23): 1716-1725.

• Ryan ET, Wilson NE, Kain KC. “Illness after International Travel.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2002; 347 (7): 505-516

• Spira A. “Preparing the traveller.” Lancet. 2003; 361: 1368-1381.

• World Health Organization. International Travel and Health. Geneva: WHO, 2007. [This annual edition is addressed primarily to medical and public health professionals who provide health advice to travellers. The practical value of this material is enhanced through the inclusion of numerous maps, tables, checklists and explicit warnings.]

• Zuckerman JN. “Recent developments: Travel medicine.” BMJ. 2002; 325: 260-264. [Travel medicine is an exciting interdisciplinary specialty that has developed rapidly in response to the needs of the travelling population worldwide …. This review highlights current topical issues in this evolving specialty.]


WOMEN’S HEALTH: INCLUDING MATERNAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH [Back to Topics]

• AbouZahr C. “Global Burden of Maternal Death and Disability.” British Medical Bulletin. 2003; 67: 1-11.

• AbouZahr C. “Safe Motherhood: A Brief History of the Global Movement 1947-2002.” British Medical Bulletin. 2003; 67: 13-25.

• Alao A. “Lack of mutual respect in relationship: the endangered partner.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2006; 1087: 311-319. [Examines the trends in intimate femicide in Africa, in general, and in Botswana, in particular. Describes the role of “lopsided” relationships between men and women in promoting the abuse of women, as well as other “militating factors” that result in intimate femicide.

• Borghi J, Ensor T, Somanathan A, et al. “Mobilising financial resources for maternal health.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 1457-1465. [Fourth of 5 articles in the Lancet’s Maternal Survival Series.]

• Burns AA, et al. Where Women Have No Doctor: A Health Guide for Women. 583 pp. Palo Alto: Hesperian Foundation, 1997. [A guide to basic obstetrical and gynecological problems; simple, practical and easy to use. See, www.hesperian.org/]

• Campbell OMR, Graham WJ. “Strategies for reducing maternal mortality: getting on with what works.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 1284-1299. [Second of 5 articles in the Lancet’s Maternal Survival Series. Despite the apparent complexity and diversity of country contexts and determinants of maternal health, only a few strategic choices need to be made to reduce maternal mortality and applies best available evidence to prioritize specific strategies.]

• Cleland J, Bernstein S, Ezeh A, Faundes A, Glasier A, Innis J. “Family planning: the unfinished agenda.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 1810-1827. [Third article of 6 in the Lancet’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Series. Discusses the proven effectiveness of family planning programs in facilitating the Millennium Development goals, and reveals the lack of global political support and economic encouragement that is inhibiting the revitalization and expansion of these programs in poor nations.]

• Corbett MR, Turner KL. “Essential Elements of Postabortion Care: Origins, Evolution and Future Directions.” International Family Planning Perspectives, 2003; 29(3): 106-111. www.agi-usa.org/pubs/journals/2910603.pdf

• Farmer P. “Invisible Women: Class, Gender and HIV.” In: Farmer P. Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues. Berkeley: The University of California Press. 1999. pp 59-93. [Juxtaposes the experiences of 3 women (Haiti, India, US) to describe the health and human rights sequelae of worldwide gender-based discrimination and poverty, which confers disproportionate risk for HIV infection, morbidity and mortality on women living in vastly different societies and cultures.]

• Fernandez M. “Cultural beliefs and domestic violence.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2006; 1087: 250-260.

• Filippi V, Ronsmans C, Campbell O, et al. “Maternal health in poor countries: a broader context and a call for action.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 1535-1541. [Fifth of 5 articles in the Lancet’s Maternal Survival Series. Draws attention to the vulnerability of pregnant women and the need for broader interventions. Discusses outcomes beyond maternal mortality, looking at the fetus, newborn and the child, and discusses the relationship with other global survival initiatives.

• Germain A. “Reproductive health and human rights.” Lancet. 2004; 363: 65-66. [A brief but very useful introductory outline of the current state of research and practice in four areas related to women’s reproductive health: women’s reproductive autonomy and right to life, political will and resources, health system capacity, and the generation of demand for reproductive healthcare.]

• Geyoushi BE, Matthews Z, Stones RW. “Pathways to Evidence-based Reproductive Healthcare in Developing Countries.” British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003; 110: 500-507. [Access to and application of Reproductive Health-related medical knowledge in developing countries]

• Gillespie DG. “Whatever Happened to Family Planning and, for That Matter, Reproductive Health.” International Family Planning Perspectives, 2004; 30(1): 34-38. http://www.agi-usa.org/pubs/journals/3003404.pdf

• Glasier A. “Sexual and reproductive health: a matter of life and death.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 1595-1607. [First article of 6 in the Lancet’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Series. Recounts the recent history of global sexual and reproductive health, decrying the omission of important component of the Cairo objectives from the Millennium Development Goals, and describes the waxing and waning support for comprehensive sexual and reproductive healthcare.]

• Grimes D, Benson J, Singh S et al. “Unsafe abortion: the preventable pandemic.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 1908-1919. [Fourth article of 6 in the Lancet’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Series. Discusses the burden of morbidity associated with unsafe abortion practices in the developing world and describes the barriers to safe abortion. Concludes a lack of social awareness and respect for women rights and health are the cause of morbidity and mortality.]

• Heise L, Ellsberg M, Gottmoeller M. “A global overview of gender-based violence.” International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002; 78 (Suppl 1): S5-S14.

• Info for Health. www.infoforhealth.org

• Jewkes R. Intimate partner violence: causes and prevention. Lancet. 2002; 359: 1423-1429. [A good overview that provides a framework for understanding the causes of intimate partner violence, employing valuable discussion of theory and examples from a variety of global settings.]

• JHPIEGO. This program along with its specialty divisions has a wealth of online materials on reproductive, maternal and neonatal health. Most of their publications are available at (low) cost. JHPIEGO is affiliated with the Johns Hopkins University and has many years of experience with training and in the design and evaluation of these programs. http://www.jhpiego.org/

• Koblinsky M, Matthews Z, Hussein J, et al. “Going to scale with professional care.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 1377-1386. [Third of 5 articles in the Lancet’s Maternal Survival Series. Details the obstacles to the expansion of professionally provided maternal healthcare and strategies to overcome these obstacles.]

• Kols A. A Rights Based Approach to Reproductive Health. PATH. December 2003; 20(4). http://www.path.org/files/EOL_20_4_dec03.pdf [Discusses fundamental human rights principles and major developments; benefits of a rights-based approach to reproductive health; obligations and responsibilities at the international, national, health care system, and community levels.]

• Labbok M. “Breastfeeding: a woman’s reproductive right.” International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2006; 94 (3): 277-286. [Approaches the topic of breastfeeding from the perspective of development and women’s health and rights, and discusses the practical implications of this perspective.]

• Langer A. “Cairo after 12 years: successes, setbacks and challenges.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 1552-1554. [Provides a concise introduction to events in global reproductive health issues since 1994.]

• Pronyk PM, Hargreaves JR, Kim JC et al. “Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: a cluster randomized trial.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 1973-1983.

• Ronsmans C, Graham W. “Maternal mortality: who, when, where and why.” Lancet. 2006; 368: 1189-1200. [First article of 5 in the Lancet’s Maternal Survival Series.]

• Russo NF, Pirlott A. “Gender-based violence: concepts, methods and findings.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2006; 1087: 178-205. [This article highlights new conceptualizations, methodological issues and selected research findings into gender-based violence.]

• UNICEF. The State of the World’s Children 2007: Women and Children: The Double Dividend of Gender Equity. New York: UNICEF, 2007. www.unicef.org/sowc07/report/full_report.php [Includes extensive description of the status of women today and outlines how gender discrimination has and can be eliminated to achieve empowerment for women in all spheres of social interaction. Concludes that efforts for enhanced gender equality will facilitate the realization of the Millennium Development Goals for women in all spheres of social interaction.]

• United Nations Population Fund. Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development. http://www.unfpa.org/icpd/icpd_poa.htm#ch7 [Link between population and development, empowering women and meeting people's needs for education and health, including reproductive health, are necessary for both individual advancement and balanced development.]

• United Nations Population Fund. ICPD—ICPD+5—10th Anniversary and Millennium Development Goals. http://www.unfpa.org/icpd/index.htm

• Watts C, Zimmerman C. “Violence against women: global scope and magnitude.” The Lancet. 2002; 359: 1232-1237.

• WHO. “Chapter 10: Summary of findings, conclusions and areas for further research.” In: WHO Multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women. Geneva: WHO, 2005. www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/en/index.html

• WHO. Gender equality, work and health: a review of the evidence. Geneva: WHO, 2006. www.who.int/gender/documents/Genderworkhealth.pdf [Reviews gender issues in research, policies and programs on occupational health and safety, considers biological differences between women and men with respect to hazards in the workplace, and discusses implications for occupational health research, policy, legislation and training.]

• WHO. Gender and health: technical paper. Geneva: WHO, 1998. www.who.int/reproductive-health/publication/WHD_98_16_gender_and_heatlh_technical_paper/WHD_98_16_table_of_contents_en.html [“The paper provides a simply written, conceptually clear outline of key issues in gender and health. It begins with basic concepts and then covers issues of risk; the impact of gender roles on women’s lives; gender inequalities in health care; reconfiguring research and broad conclusions.”]

• WHO. Annotated Bibliography: Selected WHO Publications on Gender, Women and Health 1999-2005. www.who.int/gender/documents/Annotated%20Bibliography%20green%20A4.pdf

• WHO. IMPAC -- Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth. Geneva: WHO, 2003.
www.who.int/reproductive-health/impac/index.html [Describes WHO’s attempt to reduce 600,000 maternal deaths in the perinatal period; is the equivalent of integrated management of childhood illnesses in the perinatal period; provides a methodology for assessing life-threatening obstetric complications, and it is presented in four sections: clinical principles; symptoms; procedures; and essential drugs.]

• WHO study group on female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome. “Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO Collaborative prospective study in six African countries.” Lancet. 2006; 367: 1835-1841.


WORKFORE & HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH [Back to Topics]

• Akl E, Maroun N, Major S, et al. “Why are you draining your brain? Factors underlying decisions of graduating Lebanese medical students to migrate.” Social Science and Medicine. 2007 Mar; 64 (6): 1278-1284.

• Black R, Crush J, Peberdy S et al. “Migration and Development in Africa: An Overview.” African Migration and Development Series No. 1. 2006, 169 pp. www.queensu.ca/samp/sampresources/samppublications/mad/MAD_1.pdf

• Chen L, Evans T, Anand S et al. “Human resources for health: overcoming the crisis.” Lancet. 2004; 364: 1984-1990.

• Diallo K. “Data on the migration of health workers: sources, uses, and challenges.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2004; 82: 601-606.

• Joint Learning Initiative. Human Resources for Health: Overcoming the Crisis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.

• Kotzee TJ, Couper ID. “What interventions do South African qualified doctors think will retain them in rural hospitals in rural hospitals of the Limpovo province of South Africa?” Rural Remote Health. 2006; 6: 581-598.

• Kupfer L, Hofman K, Jarawan R, McDermott J. “Strategies to discourage brain drain.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2004; 82: 616-623.

• Labonte R, Packer C, Klassen N et al. “The Brain Drain of Health Professionals from Sub-Saharan Africa to Canada.” African Migration and Development Series No. 2. 2006, 92 pp. www.queensu.ca/samp/sampresources/samppublications/mad/MAD_2.pdf

• Marchal B, Kegels G. “Health worker imbalances in times of globalization: brain drain or professional mobility.” International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 2003; 18: S89-S101. [Discussion of the role of individual freedom of movement and professional fulfillment, which underlies work force migration.]

• Mullan F. “The metrics of the physician brain drain.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2005; 353: 1810-1818.

• Patel V. “Recruiting doctors from poor countries: the great brain robbery?” BMJ. 2003; 327: 926-928.

• Physician for Human Rights. An Action Plan to Prevent Brain Drain. Cambridge: Physicians for Human Rights, July 2004. http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/report-2004-july.pdf

• Rowe A, de Savigny D, Lanata C, Victora C. “How can we achieve and maintain high-quality performance of health workers in low-resource settings?” Lancet. 2005; 366: 1026-1035.

• Stilwell B, Diallo K, Zurn P, Vujicic M, Adams O, Poz MD. “Migration of health-care workers from developing countries: strategic approaches to its management.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2004; 82: 797-800.

• Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Adams O, Poz MRD. “The role of wages in the migration of health care professionals from developing countries.” Human Resources for Health. 2004, 2:3.

• Walley J, Wright J, Hubley J. Public Health: An Action Guide to Improving Health in Developing Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

[Back to Topics]